{"id":1644,"date":"2016-11-15T14:44:02","date_gmt":"2016-11-15T14:44:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ehu.eus\/cdsea\/cdseawp\/index.php\/publicaciones\/publicaciones-cientificas\/"},"modified":"2026-03-05T13:25:04","modified_gmt":"2026-03-05T12:25:04","slug":"publicaciones-cientificas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.ehu.eus\/cdsea\/web\/index.php\/publicaciones\/publicaciones-cientificas\/","title":{"rendered":"Publicaciones cient\u00edficas"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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B. Fern\u00e1ndez de Manuel, L. Pe\u00f1a, A. Berreteaga, B. Diosdado, J. Laso, I. Ametzaga-Arregi. 2025<\/a>.<\/em><\/strong> Nature-based solutions for urban challenges: A simple framework based on ecosystem services for a World Heritage City, Ecosystem Services,Volume 74,2025,101746,ISSN 2212-0416, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoser.2025.101746.Urban nature projects are becoming increasingly common in cities as they contribute to reducing the impacts of the climate crisis. In this study, we developed a conceptual framework based on ecosystem services (ESs) to analyse how urban naturalisation actions (nature-based solutions, NBSs) included in urban nature projects contribute to multifunctionality. Here, multifunctionality refers to the capacity to generate multiple simultaneous ESs, indicating the extent to which the challenges identified in a city have been addressed. A multi-criteria analysis based on socioeconomic and environmental criteria, assessed using a series of descriptors linked to ESs, was used to develop a Multifunctionality Nature Project (MuNaP) index. The framework identifies the level of multifunctionality of NBSs and incorporates information for its improvement, if necessary. To validate this proposal, we calculated the multifunctionality of an urban nature project in the World Heritage City of Salamanca, Spain. Among all NBSs used in the project, tree planting was the most multifunctional, whereas the creation of bioretention sites was the least multifunctional. Increasing the values of certain criteria, such as diversity and origins, increased the multifunctionality of the urban nature project. Finally, the MuNaP index has a minimum value that ensures the multifunctionality of an urban nature project, that is, its contributions to biodiversity conservation, provision of multiple ESs, and the well-being of citizens.Keywords: Urban nature project; Urban trees; Greenspace; Green walls; Bioretention sites; Multifunctionality<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marta <\/a><\/strong>Suarez, Amaya M. Rieiro-D\u00edaz, David Alba, Johannes Langemeyer, Erik Gomez-Baggethun, Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi.2024.<\/strong><\/a> Urban resilience through green infrastructure: A framework for policy analysis applied to Madrid, Spain<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Urban resilience and how to assess it have become main policy objectives in the face of accelerated climate and other global environmental change. We develop a conceptual framework and an assessment tool to analyse how green infrastructure policies contribute to urban resilience and discuss barriers and opportunities for implementation. The conceptual framework is designed to analyse how resilience is fostered through six resilience factors: diversity, self-sufficiency and autonomy, polycentric governance, social cohesion, learning and innovation, and social-ecological justice. The assessment tool consists of a resilience index composed of 30 indicators. We use the capital city of Madrid, Spain, as a case study. Our results suggest that planning policies that focus on vulnerable neighbourhoods and include mechanisms for citizen engagement are the policies that most effectively foster urban resilience. We also identified that financing and political will are major barriers for the implementation of resilience policies. We assume that the proposed framework is suitable to assess to what extent local policies foster urban resilience and suggest further testing in other cities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Access: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0169204623002426<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ortega, U.; Ametzaga-Arregi, I.; Sertutxa, U.; Pe\u00f1a, L. 2023.<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Identifying a green infrastructure to prioritise areas for restoration to enhance the landscape connectivity and the provision of ecosystem services. Landscape Ecology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Habitat fragmentation is one of the major causes of the loss of biodiversity that our planet is experiencing. This has affected the ecosystems functioning and, consequently, the provision of ecosystem services (ES). Therefore, the European Commission, in a 2013 communication, established the concept of Green Infrastructure (GI), which is a strategically planned network of multifunctional areas with the aim of protecting biodiversity and ES supply, as well as improving ecological connectivity. Ecological restoration is an essential element to achieve the objectives of the GI, which if well targeted, could reverse widespread ecosystem degradation and improve landscape connectivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pe\u00f1a, L., Olaziregi, I., Mesa, J., Sertutxa, U., Ortega, U., Ametzaga-Arregi, I., 2022.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plant community and mesofauna: Eucalyptus versus oak. In minutes of the 8th Spanish Forestry Congress. Ed. Spanish Society of Forest Sciences, Catalonia. ISBN: 978-84-941695-6-4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sertutxa, U., Pe\u00f1a, L. and Ametzaga-Arregi, I., 2022.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plant and bird diversity in exotic forests and plantations in the Basque Country. In minutes of the 8th Spanish Forestry Congress. Ed. Spanish Society of Forest Sciences, Catalonia. ISBN: 978-84-941695-6-4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Rodriguez-Loinaz, G.; Ametzaga-Arregi, I.; Palaciops-Agundez, I.(2022). ICT tools and citizen science: a pathway to promote science learning and Education for Sustainable Development in schools. Journal of biological education.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The sustainability challenges facing humankind make necessary the con- vergence of Science Education (SE) and Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). Science learning and ESD requires the adoption of student-centred transformative teaching methods that promote values and critical thinking. This article explores the role of citizen science (CS) as an educational tool that could contribute in such transformative teaching. Innovative ICT tools that enable teachers to more easily engage their pupils in CS-based activities tailored to their local environment and teach- ing objectives have been developed and implemented in eight case studies, involving 214 students and seven teachers from three schools in Greece, the United Kingdom, and Spain. The results showed that: a) the CS-based educational initiatives contributed to improving natural science learning and represented progress in the development and integration of students\u2019 competencies for sustainability; b) the developed ICT tools increased students\u2019 interest and motivation; c) versatile ICT tools and platforms for teachers\u2019 co-working can contribute to the inclusion of CS in the curriculum and thereby to the inclusion of ESD in schools. We conclude that such educational initiatives can contribute to the conver- gence of SE and ESD and help students develop global skills, preparing them for 21st century sustainability challenges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Link<\/strong>: https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/00219266.2021.2017322<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Rodriguez-Loinaz, G.; Palaciops-Agundez, I.(2022). <\/strong>Teaching ecosystem services: a pathway to improve students\u2019 argumentation in favour of nature conservation and sustainable development?<\/strong>. Journal of biological education.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ecosystem services (ES) are the benefits people obtain from nature contributing to our well-being. Although this concept has high didactic potential, its presence in education literature is scarce. This article presents the ES framework as a new teaching principle that, taught together with the biodiversity concept, may help students develop competencies to make valid claims about the world and to think critically about humans\u2019 role on Earth. To do so, we present an educational experience based on active teaching and learning strategies implemented with pre-service teachers (PSTs), which is adaptable and transferable to many educational contexts. Teaching ES through active teaching methodologies has proven to be useful and necessary to help PSTs understand and be able to defend the importance of nature conservation. As a result of teaching the ES concept, students improved their argumentation in favour of nature conservation and developed communication competencies to better transfer this knowledge to society. We conclude that teaching ES can make a large contribution to education for sustainable development, as teaching the ES concept contributes to acquiring knowledge, skills (e.g. argumentation capacity) and values that are necessary to shape a sustainable future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Link<\/strong>: https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/00219266.2021.2017322<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hern\u00e1ndez-Salinas, A. ;<\/strong>Viota, M. ;Onaindia, M. ;Ametzaga-Arregi, I. ;Pe\u00f1a, L. ;Fern\u00e1ndez, B. ;  Unzueta,J. ;Purwanto,Y. ;Tasirin,J.S. ; Mamangkey,N.G.F.F. ;<\/strong><\/a>Saroinsong,F.B. (2021).<\/a> Promoting the Co-Creation of Knowledge under Physical Distancing Conditions through the Participation of Youth in the Bunaken-Tangkoko-Minahasa Biosphere Reserve (North Sulawesi, Indonesia) \u2020<\/sup><\/a>. Environ. Sci. Proc.2021, 5, 21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3<\/a>390\/IECG2020-08740<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biosphere Reserves are laboratories of sustainability that provide local solutions to global challenges. They promote research, education and the creation of communities of practice that jointly generate knowledge that may be applicable in decision-making. The context of the global COVID-19 pandemic posed a great challenge to all teaching and learning processes and so to the co-creation of knowledge. In response, we developed an online teaching environment (webinar) to enhance the value of ecosystems and analyze the perception of youth, a key interest group in participatory governance of the territory, in relation to the provision of ecosystem services in the Biosphere Reserve in Indonesia. We took the experience of the Project \u201cEcosystem Services Assessment of the Basque Country\u201d as a reference and developed a questionnaire on the perception of the provision of local ecosystem services. Our results contribute to establishing a baseline to understand the relationship of youth with the territory and to setting up an international scientific cooperation. This experience showed that the promotion of online solutions can help counteract the negative effects of the global pandemic on teaching and learning processes and also empower local actors in sharing local management in the territory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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B.F. de Manuel; L.M\u0013endez-Fern\u0013andez, L. Pe\u00f1a, I. Ametzaga-Arregi. Basic and Applied Ecology 53 (2021).<\/a> <\/a><\/strong>A new indicator of the effectiveness of urban green infrastructure based on ecosystem services assessment. <\/a> <\/a>ISSN: 1439-1791<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The contribution of urban green infrastructure (UGI) to human well-being has been demonstrated in several studies. A common method to evaluate such contributions is to measure the ecosystem services (ES) provided by the vegetation or water bodies present in urban green and blue spaces (UGBS) that constitute the UGI. The efficiency and spatial distribution of diverse types of UGBS in the provision of various ES could be considered by urban planners or managers to define specific objectives in future planning processes. In this context, we propose a methodological approach to develop an effective UGI based on an index of mismatches between supply and demand of ES (MbSDES) that addresses the mismatches between supply and demand for three ES (run-off retention, air purification, and cooling) provided by different UGBS in the city of Bilbao (Basque Country, North Spain).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pe\u00f1a, L., Fern\u00e1ndez de Manuel, B., M\u00e9ndez, L., Viota, M., Ametzaga-Arregi, I., Onaindia, M., 2020. Co-creation of knowledge for ecosystem services approach to spatial planning in the Basque Country. Sustainability 12 (13)<\/em>, 5287; doi:10.3390\/su12135287.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sustainable development has to be based on scientific knowledge, social agreements, and political decisions. This study aimed to analyse the implementation of the ecosystem services approach (ESA) in the spatial planning of the Basque Country, via the co-creation of knowledge. This paper uses a proposal for a regional green infrastructure (GI) to examine the co-creation of knowledge process. It addresses the community of practice; a process of co-creation of knowledge through workshops and meeting, SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis using an online survey, and mapping and identification of the multifunctional areas that provide ecosystem services (ES) to develop a GI. Results indicate that ESA has been included in spatial planning actions at different scales (biosphere reserve, metropolitan area, and region).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Marina Garc\u00eda-Llorente, Antonio J. Castro, Cristina Quintas-Soriano, Elisa Oteros-Rozas, Irene Iniesta-Arandia, Jos\u00e9 A. Gonz\u00e1lez, David Garc\u00eda del Amo, Marta Hern\u00e1ndez-Arroyo, Izaskun Casado-Arzuaga, Ignacio Palomo, Erik G\u00f3mez-Baggethun, Miren Onaindia, Carlos Montes and Berta Mart\u00edn-L\u00f3pez. 2020. Local Perceptions of Ecosystem Services Across Multiple Ecosystem Types in Spain. Land<\/em>, 9 <\/em>(9), 330; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/land9090330<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Combining socio-cultural valuations of ecosystem services with ecological and monetary assessments is critical to informing decision making with an integrative and multi-pronged approach. This study examined differences in the perceptions of ecosystem service supply and diversity across eight major ecosystem types in Spain and scrutinized the social and ecological factors shaping these perceptions. First, we implemented 1932 face-to-face questionnaires among local inhabitants to assess perceptions of ecosystem service supply. Second, we created an ecosystem service diversity index to measure the perceived diversity of services considering agroecosystems, Mediterranean mountains, arid systems, two aquatic continental systems, coastal ecosystems and two urban ecosystems. Finally, we examined the influence of biophysical, socio-demographic and institutional factors in shaping ecosystem service perceptions. Overall, cultural services were the most widely perceived, followed by provisioning and regulating services. Provisioning services were most strongly associated with agroecosystems, mountains and coastal systems, whereas cultural services were associated with urban ecosystems and regulating services were specifically linked with agroecosystems, mountains and urban recreational areas. The highest service diversity index values corresponded to agroecosystems, mountains and wetlands. Our results also showed that socio-demographic factors, such as place of origin (urban vs. rural) and educational level, as well as institutional factors, such as management and access regimes, shaped the perception of ecosystem services.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Marta Su\u00e1rez, David N. Bartond, Zofie Cimburovad, Graciela M. Rusche, Erik G\u00f3mez-Baggethunf, Miren Onaindia. 2020. Environmental  justice and outdoor recreation opportunities: A spatially explicit assessment in Oslo metropolitan area, Norway. Environmental Science and Policy<\/em> 108 (2020) 133\u2013143. <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Urban and peri-urban green space provides multiple recreation opportunities with important benefits for physical and psychological well-being, but access to these benefits is often unequally distributed. Various methodologies to assess outdoor recreation opportunities exist, but they rarely take into consideration dimensions of environmental justice. The aim of this paper is to map and assess nature-based outdoor recreation opportunities with a focus on green space accessibility for different social groups, and discuss the results in light of environmental justice. We use the Oslo metropolitan area, Norway, as a case study. We combine statistical analysis with spatial modelling to assess recreation preferences and distribution of nature-based recreation opportunities. We also analyse accessibility for different social groups, including children and the elderly, migrants and lowincome households. Our results show that most people prefer large wooded green areas, high density of trees, and presence of water, although preferences differ depending on age and place of residence. Areas for daily recreation are accessible to the whole population in the study area, but they are unequally distributed, migrants and low-income households having relatively less access. Our methodology can also be applied in other cities and metropolitan areas to assess differences in accessibility to outdoor recreation opportunities. We discuss whether and to which extent these results illustrate a situation of environmental injustice. We conclude that the relation between access to green space and environmental justice can be complex, and that injustice may not automatically result from uneven access.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Miren Onaindia and Joshua Fisher. 2020. Urban Growth and Biodiversity Conservation. Life on Land, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-71065-5_134-1<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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While there are certainly costs associated with urbanization that must be mitigated, responsible urban development also offers opportunities to manage human population growth and consumption in ways that can reduce pressures on natural landscapes and create new urban ecological niches. It is therefore imperative that societies take the connection between biodiversity and urbanization seriously in order to manage the impact of this new trend to ensure responsible and sustainable growth. The remainder of this chapter explores the current state of knowledge on the impacts of urbanization on biodiversity and recent trends in effective management.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/a>Ainhoa Urkijo-Letona, Susana C\u00e1rcamo, Lorena Pe\u00f1a , Beatriz Fern\u00e1ndez de Manuel, Miren Onaindia and Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi. 2020. Key Elements of the White-Backed Woodpecker\u00b4s (Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi<\/em>) Habitat in Its European South-Western Limits. Forest.<\/em> 831; doi:10.3390\/f11080831.<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the last decade, the population of the white-backed woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos <\/em>lilfordi)<\/em> (WBW) in Navarre has been reduced mainly due to the loss of suitable habitat for this species from intensive forest management, leading almost to its extinction. This study aimed to identify the key structural elements of breeding habitats of the WBW and analyze their effect on the composition of the saproxylic fungi community within the habitats. In the Special Area of Conservation, namely Quinto Real in Navarre, 20 circular plots (500 m2) and 10 transects (150\u2013300 m) were located inside and outside WBW territories. Within each sample plot, forest structure, deadwood, microhabitats, regeneration, and saproxylic fungi community were studied. The results showed that the key elements in the WBW territories were high trees, high diversity of deadwood (with a high presence of big and late-decay deadwood), high snag volume, and high microhabitat diversity. Although the past management is also evident in the variability of some of those characteristics, this species is well adapted to different structural and compositional conditions of the territory. The saproxylic fungi community was richer among the WBW territories, and in those areas, the presence of Fomes fomentarius was high, compared to non-WBW territories where it was not present. In conclusion, to maintain and protect the studied population, it is necessary to implement sustainable management that guarantees the conservation of the key elements for the WBW territories (structural heterogeneity and high deadwood diversity) in order to increase the suitability of the habitat for WBWs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Fischer, L.K., Neuenkamp, L. et al. 2020. Public attitudes toward biodiversity-friendly greenspace management in Europe. Conservation Letters.<\/em> DOI: 10.1111\/conl.12718<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Increasing urbanization worldwide calls for more sustainable urban development. Simultaneously, the global biodiversity crisis accentuates the need of fostering biodiversity within cities. Policies supporting urban nature conservation need to understand people\u2019s acceptance of biodiversity-friendly greenspace management. We surveyed more than 2,000 people in 19 European cities about their attitudes toward near-natural urban grassland management in public greenspaces, and related their responses to nine sociocultural parameters. Results reveal that people across Europe can support urban biodiversity, yet within the frames of a generally tidy appearance of public greenery. Younger people and those using greenspaces for a greater variety of activities were more likely to favor biodiversity-friendly greenspace management. Additionally, people who were aware of the meaning of biodiversity and those stating responsibility for biodiversity conservation particularly supported biodiversity-friendly greenspace management. Our results point at explicit measures like environmental education to increase public acceptance of policies that facilitate nature conservation within cities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/a>Nekane Castillo-Eguskitza, David Hoyos, Miren Onaindia, Mikolaj Czajkowski. 2019. Unraveling local preferences and willingness to pay for different management scenarios: A choice experiment to biosphere reserve management. Land Use Policy, 88. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.landusepol.2019.104200<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economic valuation of ecosystem services has emerged as a valuable tool to promote conservation and sustainable land management. Our study adds to this literature, by reporting the results of a discrete choice experiment used to analyse local population preferences and willingness-to-pay for selected ecosystem services resulting from different management scenarios in the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve (Biscay, Spain). The ecosystem services considered include quality of water bodies, agricultural production, native forest protection, biodiversity, and recreation. The results indicate that the local population is willing to financially support a new management plan focused on theimprovement of ecosystem health and landscape multifunctionality and sustainability, with recreation being the least valued ecosystem service. These findings may be used to inform conservation and management policies to maximize social well-being. They can also help to prioritize investments and allocation of funding and hence minimise land use conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Nekane Castillo-Eguskitza, Mar\u00eda F. Schmitz, Miren Onaindia and Alejandro J. Rescia. 2019. Linking Biophysical and Economic Assessments of Ecosystem Services for a Social\u2013Ecological Approach to Conservation Planning: Application in a Biosphere Reserve (Biscay, Spain)<\/em>. Sustainability 11 (11), 3092.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The search for a balance between nature conservation and sustainable development remains a scientific and spatial planning challenge. In social-ecological systems based on traditional rural activities and associated with protected areas, this balance is particularly complex. Quantifying the economic impact of land use changes on ecosystem services can be useful to advise policy makers and improving social-ecological sustainability. In this study, we evaluated the land use changes in a time series and estimated the monetary value of the ecosystem services of the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve (Biscay, Spain). In addition, we linked the monetary and biophysical values of land uses in each zoning units of the reserve, in order to identify the spatial adjustment between both assessments. Results showed that land use changes have clearly homogenized the landscape without substantially affecting its economic value. The methodological approach allowed detection that the reserve zoning was performed based more on its biophysical values than on economic ones. Thus, evident divergences between the biophysical and economic assessments were found. The core area was the one that had the highest coincidences (medium values) between both ecosystem services assessments, which highlights its importance not only in biophysical terms, is also economical. The procedure followed proved to be a useful tool to social-ecological planning and design of specific conservation strategies for the sustainable development of the area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Caballero-Serrano, V., McLaren, B., Carrasco, J.C., G. Alday, J,  Fiallos, L., Amigo, J., Onaindia, M. 2019. Traditional ecological knowledge and medicinal plant diversity in Ecuadorian Amazon home gardens. Global Ecology and Conservation 17<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Medicinal plants are an ecosystem service directly implicated in human well-being. In many rural communities, they constitute a main treatment for disease or a source of disease prevention. Here, we review traditional knowledge of medicinal plants, the benefits they provide when cultivated in home gardens, and the determinants of knowledge about their uses in a rural parish in Amazonian Ecuador, where two ethnic groups prevail: indigenous Shuar and settled mestizos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Spyra, M., Kleemann, J., Ipek Cetin, N., V\u00e1zquez Navarrete, C.J., Albert, C, Palacios-Agundez, I., Ametzaga-Arregi, I., La Rosa, D., Rozas-V\u00e1squez, D., Adem Esmail, B., Picchi, P., Geneletti, D., K\u00f6nig, H.J., Koo, H., Kopperoinen, L., F\u00fcrst, C. The ecosystem services concept: a new Esperanto to facilitate participatory planning processes? <\/em>Landscape Ecology. 2018, 1-21. DOI 10.1007\/s10980-018-0745-6<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Several case studies investigated the role of ecosystem services in participatory planning processes. However, no systematic study exists that cuts across a large number of empirical cases to identify the implications of using ecosystem services in participatory planning. This study explores the potential of the ecosystem services concept to act as a boundary concept (\u2018\u2018new Esperanto\u2019\u2019) to facilitate the integration of actors\u2019 perceptions and objectives into planning goals. We analyzed eleven case studies to explore how the ecosystem services concept has been operationalized to support participatory planning processes, and to identify lessons from successful applications. We characterized the case studies according to contextual and methodological criteria. Each case study was assessed through a codified score card method in order to detect success or failure criteria in using the ecosystem services concept in participatory planning. We compared the case study criteria with the results of the balanced score card method.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pe\u00f1a, L., Onaindia, M., Fern\u00e1ndez de Manuel, B., Ametzaga-Arregi, I., Casado-Arzuaga, I., 2018. Analysing the Synergies and Trade-offs between Ecosystem Services to Reorient Land Use Planning in Metropolitan Bilbao (Northern Spain). Sustainability, 10: 4376;<\/em> DOI: 10.3390\/su10124376<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the last decades, some European cities have undergone important changes in search of a more sustainable development. This is the case for the city of Bilbao (Bizkaia, Basque Country), where a Greenbelt has been maintained surrounding the urban areas allowing the periurban areas to deliver ecosystem services (ES) to society. However, the role of the different ecosystems in the provision of ES is not the same, which can lead to conflicts among them. The aim of this study is to analyze the synergies and trade-offs among the eight most important ES in the Bilbao Metropolitan Greenbelt (BMG) to orient their management strategies towards more multifunctional landscapes. We mapped the ES and overlapped them looking for the most relevant areas for the provision of multiple ES and areas that are mostly lacking ES provision. We identify also existing ES trade-offs and synergies between ES using correlations so that managers can prioritize preservation efforts of land use types in the rest of the area. The results show that provisioning ES had trade-offs with regulating and cultural ES and the latter showed synergies between them. The former are mainly delivered by semi-natural ecosystems, while regulating and cultural ES are delivered mainly by natural ecosystems. Moreover, the most relevant areas for the provision of multiple ES were proposed as potential components of a Green Infrastructure (GI). Their identification and ES bundles could help decision-makers to orient their management strategies towards sustainability in metropolitan areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Onaindia, M., Pe\u00f1a, L., Fern\u00e1ndez de Manuel, B., Rodr\u00edguez-Loinaz, G., Madariaga, I., Palacios-Agundez, I., Ametzaga-Arregi, I., 2018. Land use efficiency through analysis of agrological capacity and ecosystem services in an industrialized region (Biscay, Spain). Land Use Policy 78<\/em>: 650-661.<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

New solutions are necessary for the reconciliation of food production and environmental conservation. This study focuses on determining the synergies and trade-offs between agrological capacity and ecosystem services (ES) in an industrialized region in northern Iberian Peninsula in order to improve an efficient use of soils. The methodology provided here allows the mapping of the best areas for equilibrating both agrological capacity and provision of ES. We specifically determine the most suitable areas to develop new agricultural activities with the greatest efficacy. Results highlight the synergies between agrological capacity, habitat maintenance, pollination, and aesthetic values. Moreover, the creation of new grasslands and croplands in productive soils occupied by forest plantations would enhance agriculture, some ES, and landscape multi-functionality. However, decreasing the area of forest plantations in favour of agricultural lands would create trade-offs with carbon storage. These trade-offs could be relativized if actual environmental and economical situations are taken into account. Based on the results obtained applying the proposed methodology, policy-makers have the opportunity to manage a transition towards more sustainable land use through specific actions while increasing local food security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Nekane Castillo-Eguskitza, Berta Mart\u00edn-L\u00f3pez, Miren Onaindia. 2018. A comprehensive assessment of ecosystem services: Integrating supply, demand and interest in the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve<\/em>.<\/strong> Ecological Indicators 93, 1176-1189.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Integrated assessment of ecosystem services involves the recognition of value pluralism and the inclusion of the different components of ecosystem services, ranging from supply to social demand and interest. Supply refers to the capacity of ecosystems to provide services, while demand refers to the allocation of money or willingness to obtain a particular service and interest to the importance assigned to services. Yet, a comprehensive assessment of ecosystem services which integrates these three components is still unexplored. This paper proposes a methodological approach to examine (mis)matches, i.e. differences or similarities in quality or quantity, when analysing the supply, demand and interest components of ecosystem services. We assessed twelve ecosystem services in four different units socioeconomically and environmentally similar of the social-ecological system of the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve in Northern Spain. Results showed that the different ecosystem services components provide divergent but complementary information regarding their value. We also found that the information obtained is consistent across different spatial units with similar socio-economic characteristics, suggesting that the mismatch patterns among ecosystem services components are more related to the set of ecosystem services assessed than the socio-economic characteristics and land uses of the area of study. Our findings strengthen arguments of former calls for integration of the biophysical, monetary and socio-cultural values addressed by the supply, demand and interest components of ecosystem services.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Gloria Rodr\u00edguez-Loinaz, Lorena Pe\u00f1a, Igone Palacios-Agundez, Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi,  Miren Onaindia. 2018. Identifying Green Infrastructure as a Basis for an Incentive Mechanism at the Municipality Level in Biscay (Basque Country)<\/em><\/strong> Forests 2018, 9, 22; doi:10.3390\/f9010022<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The contributions of green infrastructure (GI) to human well-being have been widely recognised; however, pathways for its systematic implementation are missing. Local governments can play a crucial role in the conservation of GI, and a formal recognition of this role in budgeting systems would foster the inclusion of GI in their agenda. The aim of this study is to identify the principal components of GI at the local level to form a basis for a compensatory economic scheme. We identified the principal components of GI based on the mapping of biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services provision. Furthermore, we analysed the potentiality of an incentive mechanism to promote GI based on the protection status of GI. Finally, an incentive mechanism to promote GI at the municipality level was proposed. The results showed that the GI of Biscay is mainly composed of the natural forests presented in the area, and that 50% of the principal components of the GI are not protected. Furthermore, one third of the protected principal components of the GI only has protection at the municipality level. So, we propose a Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES)-like scheme at the municipality level based on the cover of natural forests, where the objective is the conservation and promotion of the GI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Igone Palacios-Agundez, Lorena Pe\u00f1a, Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi, Gloria Rodr\u00edguez-Loinaz, Miren Onaindia. 2017. Sustainable landscape management based on cultural ecosystem services<\/strong><\/em>. Change Adaptation Socioecol. Syst. 2017; 3: 103\u2013110<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

To sustain cultural ecosystem services and cultural heritage it is important to go in depth in the science policy interface, because efficient governance mechanisms emerge from the cooperation of scientists and practitioners. In the Basque Country, we are on the road towards adaptive and resilient landscape management through an integrative approach that enhances the link between science, policy-making and society. Key elements of this approach are: The establishment from the outset of a transdisciplinar community of practice; the creation of specific transdisciplinar working groups to go in depth with concrete applicability measures; a strong outreach strategy and educational programs development; and last but not least, the involvement of stakeholders at multiple stage of the process. Diverse research lines are carried out during the process (e.g. mapping ecosystems services, analyzing social perceptions), whose results are combined to help identify response options for sustainable landscape. Relevant policy implementations of the results of this broad research are already taking place in the Basque Country. The proved utility of this working mechanism makes key agents to continue involved, and to attract more agents into the process. These transdisciplinary processes facilitate the creation of synergies and win-win solutions towards sustainable management of cultural ecosystem services.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Josu G. Alday, Elene Etxeberria, Ibone Ametzaga. 2017. Conversion of<\/strong> Pinus radiata plantations to native forest after harvest operations: a north Iberian Peninsula case study<\/strong>.<\/em> Eur J Forest Res<\/a>.DOI 10.1007\/s10342-017-1071-2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is broad consensus on restoration of native woodlands in places where intensive forestry is nowadays not profitable. However, this consensus is lost when stakeholders need to implement forest management practices as restoration tool, especially because there is a substantial lack of empirical evidence about its feasibility. In this context, we assess the impact of two different harvest treatments on understorey plant species composition of Pinus radiata<\/em> plantations as tools to recover native woodland vegetation in northern Iberian Peninsula. Here, common clear-cut treatment and restoration-clear-cut where only pine trees were removed (i.e. reducing the disturbance effect over understorey vegetation) were compared against understorey plant species composition of young and old plantations and restored tracks. The aim was to identify which treatment is more suitable to recover native woodland vegetation. The results reveal that both clear-cuts maintained species composition plus important understorey native species, some of them being restoration targets. However, both clear-cuts showed diversity reductions compared with old plantations, although there were not apparent retention effects on compositional change towards native communities at least two years after harvest. It seems that the remaining vegetation established by natural succession after both clear-cut treatments could be used to achieve initial restoration objectives for some native tree and understorey plant species at relatively low costs. In any case, it would be interesting to implement supplementary management measures to accelerate this conversion, such as invasive species elimination or target species seeding, to maintain local biodiversity and introduce native woodland species not present in the area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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I.<\/a> Palacios-Agundez, J. Unzueta, G. Rodriguez-Loinaz, M. Onaindia, 2017.<\/a> <\/a><\/strong>Lifelong learning on sustainability for personal, professional and social transformation: analyzing a seven year experience from the University of the Basque Country.<\/em> <\/strong>Proceedings of EDULEARN17 Conference 3rd-5th July 2017, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN: 978-84-697-3777-4.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UNESCO Chair on Sustainable Development and Environmental Education of the University of the Basque Country (Spain) has offered for seven editions a Postgraduate course on Environment and Sustainability. This postgraduate degree (30 ETCS credits) is mainly composed of lectures, workshops and field trips, and includes a final presentation and discussion of an applied project. It also includes the option of realizing an internship programme in different companies, institutions and NGOs. Students and professionals from different areas of knowledge take part in the course and learn on sustainability together with an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary panel of teachers. In order to analyze students\u2019 satisfaction on the course, determine the rate of employment of post-students in jobs related to sustainability and analyze if the course has provoked them a lifelong learning towards sustainability, we conducted a survey on post-students. 48% of the students of the seven editions answered the survey. Results show that students\u2019 satisfaction on the course is high. What students liked most of the course is its interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary character, the great variety and quality of teachers from different professional backgrounds and with expertise in diverse sustainability subjects, the opportunity to make professional contacts, the active participation of the group, the internship programmes and the final applied project. 90% of student made an internship programme in different companies, institutions or NGOs. 92% of them said that they learned a lot in those work practices. With regard to employability, 50% consider that this postgraduate has served them to find a job related to sustainability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Castillo-Eguskitza, N.,  Rescia, A . J., Onaindia , M. 2017. Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve (Biscay, Spain): Conservation against development?<\/em><\/strong> Science of the Total Environment 592. p. 124\u2013133<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The protected area approach has extended from conserving biodiversity to improving human well-being. However, the relationship between conservation and socioeconomic and cultural development continues to be controversial. This paper combines land use variables with socioeconomic and cultural variables through multivariate ordination analysis and evaluates their evolution in two areas inside and outside a Biosphere Reserve since the approval of the Governance Plan for Use and Management in the Reserve. The results indicate a similar tendency in the two areas, from the abandonment of traditional rural activities and decline in pine plantations to naturalness, urban sprawl and the growth of the tertiary economic sector, welfare indicators and sustainability index. However, it can be broadly observed that the region included inside the protected area presents better conservation features (native forest) and rural systems (forestry and primary economic sector) than the region outside the protected area while maintaining similar socioeconomic and cultural conditions. We suggest that the designation of the Biosphere Reserve does not influence the local population negatively but does safeguard its conservation, which could have enhanced socioeconomic and cultural development. Thus, even though certain changes must be made to replace the conifer plantations and encourage agricultural activities, the designation of the protected area fulfills its sustainability goal and enhances the local population’s quality of life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ver\u00f3nica Caballero-Serrano, Josu G. Alday,  Javier Amigo, David Caballero, Juan Carlos Carrasco, Brian McLaren, Miren Onaindia. 2017. Social Perceptions of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in the Ecuadorian Amazon.<\/strong><\/em> Human Ecology  45 (4): 475\u2013486<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Amazon basin is widely recognized for its high biological and cultural diversity, enabling the provision of many ecosystem services. This study explores social perceptions of some of the features of biodiversity and ecosystem services in a tropical forest in Sangay Parish, Ecuador. Following a survey of residents, we identified three groups whose perceptions vary in relation to socioeconomic characteristics, cultural backgrounds, lifestyles, and the benefits obtained from the Sangay forest. Mestizo professionals, with a better socioeconomic situation, identify more regulation and cultural services; Shuar farmers have a comprehensive knowledge of biodiversity features and rely on provisioning services; and Shuar gatherers consume more forest products but are the least likely to formally recognize ecosystem services. We emphasize the importance of identifying social groups within a population and understanding their particular characteristics and perspectives before developing conservation and land use planning policies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ximena Salinas, C., Onaindia, M., Mendieta, J. 2017. Landscape, sustainability and the socioeconomy in the coastal Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve, Northern Spain. <\/em><\/strong>Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)<\/strong>.<\/em> Vol. 10, No. 1, p. 150-160.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar la sostenibilidad de los paisajes en la Reserva de la Biosfera de Urdaibai (RBU) a trav\u00e9s de la relaci\u00f3n entre las unidades de paisaje y las actividades socioecon\u00f3micas. La RBU se encuentra en el norte de Espa\u00f1a, siendo un \u00e1rea de gran valor ecol\u00f3gico y paisaj\u00edstico en un entorno urbanizado. El paisaje est\u00e1 compuesto por numerosas y variadas unidades compuestas por comunidades espont\u00e1neas y aquellas que dependen de las actividades humanas. La actividad econ\u00f3mica depende principalmente del sector industrial y del de servicios. Se realiz\u00f3 un An\u00e1lisis de Componentes Principales (PCA) utilizando indicadores territoriales y socioecon\u00f3micos para cada municipio. La relaci\u00f3n entre el paisaje y la actividad socioecon\u00f3mica se realiz\u00f3 mediante la prueba de correlaci\u00f3n m\u00faltiple de Pearson. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la sostenibilidad de las unidades del paisaje cultural en la UBR est\u00e1 vinculada a las actividades socioecon\u00f3micas en el sector industrial y el de servicios.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pe\u00f1a, L., Monge-Ganuzas, M., Onaindia, M., Fern\u00e1ndez de Manuel, B., Mendia, M., 2017. A Holistic approach including biological and geological criteria for integrative management in protected areas.<\/em><\/strong> Environmental Management, 59 (2): 325-337. DOI 10.1007\/s00267-016-0781-4.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biodiversity hotspots and geosites are indivisible parts of natural heritage. Therefore, an adequate spatial delimitation and understanding of both and their linkages are necessary in order to be able to establish conservation policies. Normally, biodiversity hotspots are a typical target for those policies but, generally, geosites are not taken into account. Thus, this paper aims to fill this gap by providing an easily replicable method for the identification and integration of the geosites and the biodiversity hotspots in a Network for Integrative Nature Conservation that highlights their linkages. The method here presented has been applied to Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve (UBR) situated in southeastern of the Bay of Biscay. The obtained results indicate that some geosites that are not directly related with biodiversity hotspots remain unprotected. Thus, from the study carried out it can state that our conserving just biodiversity hotspots is not enough to conserve the whole natural heritage of a protected area, as some plots interesting due to their relevant geoheritage remain unprotected. Therefore, it is necessary to fully integrate geosites into the planning documents of protected areas as a part of an ecosystem approach. The ecosystem approach recognizes the integrity of abiotic and biotic elements in nature conservation policies. Moreover, the proposed framework and the innovative methodology can be used as an easy input to identify priority areas for conservation, to improve the protected areas conservation planning, and to demonstrate the linkages between biodiversity hotspots and geosites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ver\u00f3nica Caballero-Serrano, Miren Onaindia, Josu G. Alday, David Caballero, Juan Carlos Carrasco, Brian McLaren, Javier Amigo. 2016. Plant diversity and ecosystem services in Amazonian homegardens of Ecuador.<\/em><\/strong> Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 225: 116\u2013125.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Homegardens (HG) can play a key role in the conservation of plant diversity and at the same time provide ecosystem services that have a direct and positive impact on human welfare. The relationships among plant diversity, ecosystem services, and the factors that influence them formed the subject of study in tropical HG in Sangay, Ecuador. We compiled information from 138 HG in 11 localities and found 484 plant species associated with 20 ecosystem services, the most important of which, according to interviews with the gardeners, provide food, medicine and ornamentation. Influential physical factors on plant diversity in the HG were altitude, precipitation and temperature, while socioeconomic factors, including ethnicity, gender, income and education, were perhaps more important determinants of HG diversity. Three groups of HG were identified by Hierarchical Ascendant Correspondence Analysis: \u201csmall HG of recent origin,\u201d having the fewest species and ecosystem services, \u201clarge, transitional HG,\u201d having a wide range of services, and \u201cmedium, established HG,\u201d mainly supplying food, medicine, ornamentation, shade and fencing. Ethnicity may be a stronger determinant of differences in HG composition: for Shuar people, HG were a main source of food, critical to their subsistence in rural areas; in total, Shuar gardeners cultivated on the whole more plant species. On the other hand, HG belonging to mestizos were more diverse, have more exotic plant species, and provide mainly cultural and regulatory services. HG in more urban settings mainly provided ornamentation, fencing and shade. This information can be applied by policy makers to the design of strategies for biodiversity conservation and food security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"articulo_pea_environmental\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Pe\u00f1a, L., Monge-Ganuzas, M., Onaindia, M., Fern\u00e1ndez de Manuel, B., Mendia, M., 2016. A Holistic approach including biological and geological criteria for integrative management in protected areas.<\/em><\/strong> Environmental Management. DOI 10.1007\/s00267-016-0781-4.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

El patrimonio natural est\u00e1 formado tanto por el patrimonio biol\u00f3gico como por el geol\u00f3gico. Por tanto, la identificaci\u00f3n y delimitaci\u00f3n de ambos, y sus conexiones es necesaria para poder establecer pol\u00edticas de conservaci\u00f3n. Generalmente, las \u00e1reas relevantes por su biodiversidad son incluidas en estas pol\u00edticas, sin embargo las \u00e1reas con un relevante patrimonio geol\u00f3gico no son tenidas en cuenta. As\u00ed, con este estudio se pretende ofrecer un m\u00e9todo f\u00e1cilmente replicable para identificar hotspots de biodiversidad y geosites e incluirlos en una red de conservaci\u00f3n de la naturaleza integral en la que destaquen sus conexiones. El m\u00e9todo que se presenta en este estudio ha sido aplicado en la Reserva de la Biosfera de Urdaibai. Los resultados indican que aquellos geosites que no poseen ninguna relaci\u00f3n con la biodiversidad se encuentran actualmente desprotegidos. Por tanto, conservar unicamente los hotspot de biodiversidad no es suficiente para conservar todo el patrimonio natural que se encuetra presente en la Reserva. As\u00ed, es necesario incluir los geosites en los documentos de gesti\u00f3n y conservaci\u00f3n de las \u00e1reas protegidas utilizando un enfoque ecosist\u00e9mico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"articulo_palacios_environmental\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palacios-Agundez, I., Onaindia, M., Potschin, M., Tratalos, J.A., Madariaga, I., Haines-Young, R. 2015. Relevance for decision making of spatially explicit, participatory scenarios for ecosystem services in an area of a high current demand.<\/em> <\/strong>Environmental Science & Policy 54: 199-209.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Relevance for decision making of spatially explicit, participatory scenarios for ecosystem services in an area of a high current demand<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This research developed an innovative methodology combining qualitative participatory scenarios with spatially explicit quantitative models to provide land use planning recommendations for the Biscay region. As part of the MillenNium AssesSment in Biscay-Basque Country Sub-global assessment, previous participatory scenario planning yielded four scenarios in the study area: Oppressed Biscay, Global Delicatessen, TechnoFaith and Cultivating Social Values. Through the current research, these participatory scenarios have been complemented and revised through spatially explicit analysis of land cover in the four scenarios, with the aims to: verify the coherency and plausibility of the land changes for each scenario, identify those areas more likely to change in the four scenarios, and analyze the sustainability of each scenario.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"articulo_palacios_landuse\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palacios-Agundez, I., Onaindia, M., Barraqueta, P., Madariaga, I. 2015. Provisioning ecosystem services supply and demand: The role of landscape management to reinforce supply and promote synergies with other ecosystem services.<\/em> <\/strong>Land Use Policy 47: 145-155.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Provisioning ecosystem services supply and demand: The role of landscape management to reinforce supply and promote synergies with other ecosystem services <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The global economy and international trade allows regions to have a higher ecosystems services demand than the services provided by their own ecosystems; this leads to a supply and demand provisioning ES scale mismatch, which may affect the provision of other ES. This study aims to identify ways to balance the supply and demand of ecosystems through sustainable land use. The study is focused on the provisioning ecosystem services in Biscay and their relationship with the ecological footprint of the area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The study concludes that to replace the current monoculture forest plantations to a multi-functional landscape will strengthen food security and improve biodiversity and essential ecosystem services. Reducing the ecological footprint at a local scale will contribute to a reduced demand on global ecosystem services. As such, maximizing a mosaic approach to local land use will help to improve the provision of ecosystem services and therefore contribute to a reduction in the global ecological footprint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"articulo_pea_ecosystem\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pe\u00f1a, L., Casado-Arzuaga, I, Onaindia, M. 2015. Mapping recreation supply and demand using an ecological and a social evaluation approach.<\/em><\/strong> Ecosystem Services 13: 108-118.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mapping recreation supply and demand using an ecological and a social evaluation approach.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This paper provides a framework for addressing recreation as an example of Cultural Ecosystem Services and a methodology to support landscape management based on recreation activities at a regional scale. A GIS-based approach was used to estimate and map ecological and social factors illustrating recreation supply and demand in the Basque Country (northern Spain). The proposed methodology for recreation supply was based on recreation potential and accessibility, and the social demand was determined using a convenience sample of 629 persons that reported preferences for recreation activities using photo-questionnaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"articulo_casado_perception\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rodr\u00edguez-Loinaz, G., Alday, J.G., Onaindia, M. 2015. Multiple ecosystem services landscape index: a tool for multifunctional landscapes conservation.<\/em><\/strong> Journal of Environmental Management 147: 152-163. DOI:10.1016\/j.jenvman.2014.09.001<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Multiple ecosystem services landscape index: A tool for multifunctional landscapes conservation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this study we propose a new integrative environmental indicator based on the ecosystem services provided by the landscape and named \u201cmultiple ecosystem services landscape index\u201d (MESLI). MESLI was developed at municipality level in the Basque Country and the results demonstrated that the MESLI index is a good tool to measure landscape multifunctionality at local scales. This information about ecosystem services at the local level is usually lacking. Therefore, MESLI would be very useful for policy-makers and land managers because it provides relevant information to local scale decision-making.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"articulo_palacios_landscape\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palacios-Agundez, I., Fern\u00e1ndez de Manuel, B.,  Rodr\u00edguez-Loinaz, G., Pe\u00f1a, L., Ametzaga-Arregi, I., G. Alday, J.,  Casado-Arzuaga, I., Madariaga, I., Arana, X., Onaindia, M. 2014. Integrating stakeholders\u2019 demands and scientific knowledge on ecosystem services in landscape planning<\/em><\/strong>. Landscape Ecology 29: 1423-1433.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Integrating stakeholders\u2019 demands and scientific knowledge on ecosystem services in landscape planning<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This paper develops an approach that integrates scientific knowledge and stakeholders\u2019 demands to provide guidelines for landscape planning strategies while considering ecosystem services. On the one hand, a participative process was carried out to define the region\u2019s sustainable future, considering the opportunities and constrains provided by the landscape and its ecosystems. On the other hand a space analysis (GIS) was done to study synergies and trade-offs between biodiversity and carbon storage (fact that was already identified as a knowledge gap during the participatory process). Both the special analysis and the participative process converged in the suitability of promoting natural forest ecosystems restoration in the region, due to their high contribution to biodiversity and carbon storage. This iterative learning and decision making process is already showing its effectiveness for decision making, with specific examples of how the results obtained by this integrative approach are being included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"articulo_casado_landscape\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Casado-Arzuaga, I., Onaindia, M., Madariaga, I., Verburg, P.H. 2014. Mapping recreation and aesthetic value of ecosystems in the Bilbao Metropolitan Greenbelt (northern Spain) to support landscape planning.<\/strong><\/em> Landscape Ecology 29: 1393-1405.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mapping recreation and aesthetic value of ecosystems in the Bilbao Metropolitan Greenbelt (northern Spain) to support landscape planning<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This paper presents a method to quantify cultural ecosystem services and their spatial distribution in the landscape based on ecological structure and social evaluation approaches. Using a GIS-based approach and two different public participation processes three maps were obtained: a map showing the provision of recreation services, an aesthetic value map and a map of the correspondences and differences between both services. A weak spatial correlation was found between aesthetic quality and recreation provision services. A consultation with decision-makers indicated that the results were considered useful to identify areas that can be targeted for improvement of landscape and recreation management.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"articulo_palacios_ecology\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palacios-Agundez, I., Casado-Arzuaga, I. Madariaga, I., Onaindia, M. 2013. The Relevance of Local Participatory Scenario Planning for Ecosystem Management Policies in the Basque Country, Northern Spain.<\/em><\/strong> Ecology and Society 18 (3): 7.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The relevance of local participatory scenario planning for ecosystem management policies in the Basque Country, northern Spain<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This paper presents future scenarios for Biscay through 2050 as part of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment in Biscay sub-global assessment (Basque Country, northern Spain). The use of an integrated and participatory methodology by downscaling MA global scenarios allows analyzing how ecosystem services and human well-being might change in a range of plausible futures, and identifying management strategies for the territory and planning processes at local scale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This work reflects the importance of taking into account different perspectives when dealing with ecosystem management; and also the crucial importance of involving policymakers and administration technicians in the process to gain policy impact. Thanks to it, on the recently renewed strategic policy planning for sustainability of the county this assessment is considered high priority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"articulo_casado_perception\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Casado-Arzuaga, I., Madariaga, I., Onaindia, M. 2013. Perception, demand and user contribution to ecosystem services in the Bilbao Metropolitan Greenbelt.<\/strong><\/em> Journal of Environmental Management 129: 33-43.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Perception, demand and user contribution to ecosystem services in the Bilbao Metropolitan Greenbelt<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This study, published in Journal of Environmental Management, analyses the perceptions of users regarding the benefits provided by the Bilbao Metropolitan Greenbelt and compares them to their demands for ecosystem services, in order to understand users\u2019 preferences and better orient land use planning. The results show that the demand does not correspond to what users perceive these ecosystems to provide. The necessity to enhance people\u2019s awareness of ecosystems’ capacity to provide social benefits is underlined, which could be useful to reorient land use planning based on ecosystem services.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"articulo_onaindia_forest\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Onaindia, M., Fern\u00e1ndez de Manuel, B., Madariaga, I., Rodr\u00edguez-Loinaz, G. 2013. Co-benefits and trade-offs between biodiversity, the carbon store and water flow regulations.<\/strong> <\/em>Forest Ecology and Management 289: 1-9.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co-benefits and trade-offs between biodiversity, carbon storage and water flow regulation in the Biosphere Reserve of Urdaibai<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This report shows the co-benefits and trade-offs between biodiversity, carbon storage and water flow regulation in the Biosphere Reserve of Urdaibai. The biodiversity and ecosystem services are valued, with the aim of proposing criteria for conservation plans that would include ecosystem services and biodiversity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"articulo_rodriguez_carbon\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rodr\u00edguez-Loinaz, G., Amezaga, I., Onaindia, M. 2013. Use of native species to improve carbon sequestration and contribute towards solving the environmental problems of the timberlands in Biscay, northern Spain<\/em><\/strong>. Journal of Environmental Management 120: 18-26.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Use of native species to improve carbon sequestration and contribute towards solving the environmental problems of the timberlands in Biscay, northern Spain<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Transformation of natural forest areas into fast-growing exotic species plantations in Biscay has negative impacts on the environment, creating the necessity to evaluate the argument that forest managers use to persist with the \u201cpine and eucalyptus culture\u201d, arguing that these species provide a big Carbon sequestration service and their use as bio-energy. But, is this well-founded? or, could the use of native species improve the C sequestration service in Biscay while avoiding the environmental problems the actual plantations cause? After simulating the changes in the C stock in living biomass in 3 possible scenarios, in this study we prove that changing pine and eucalyptus by native species in plantations, while solving some of the environmental problems of the actual plantations, sequesters more Carbon in the long-term. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"articulo_onaindia_prug\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Onaindia, M, Ballesteros, F., Alonso, G., Monge-Ganuzas, M., Pe\u00f1a, L. 2013. Participatory process to prioritize actions for a sustainable management in a biosphere reserve<\/strong><\/em>. Environmental Science & Policy 33: 283-294.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Participatory process to prioritize actions for a sustainable management in a biosphere reserve<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this article the scientific and technical participatory process made in the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve is discussed in order to develop the scientific and technical foundations of future PRUG from the contribution of experts in the different topics. In addition, the actions proposed in it and the impact that their realization would have are analyzed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"articulo_onaindia_pinos\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Onaindia, M., Ametzaga-Arregi, I., San Sebasti\u00e1n, M., Mitxelena, A., Rodr\u00edguez-Loinaz, G., Pe\u00f1a, L., G. Alday, J. 2013. Can understorey native woodland plant species regenerate under exotic pine plantations using natural succession?<\/em> <\/strong>Forest Ecology and Management 308: 136-144.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Can understorey native woodland plant species regenerate under exotic pine plantations using natural succession?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this article the natural regeneration of oak is analyzed under the cover of pine in Bizkaia (Basque Country). Composition and plant diversity in three areas are compared: Regenerating oak, old oak and pine plantations adjacent to these oak. It is noted that natural regeneration under the cover of pine occurs in older pine plantations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"CR10_Sustainability_cover*.indd\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Onaindia, M., Rodr\u00edguez-Loinaz, G.  An evaluation if ecosystem services as a base for the sustainable Management of a region, pp. 9-18; Palacios, I., Casado-Arzuaga, I., Madariaga, I., Arana, X. An Evaluation of Millennium Ecosystems from the Basque Country,<\/em> <\/strong>pp. 19-33; Pe\u00f1a, L., Amezaga, I. The Landscape of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country: The Evolution of Forest Systems, pp 79-96. En: Ayestar\u00e1n, I., Onaindia, M. (Eds.) 2013.  Sustainable Development, Ecological Complexity and Environmental Values. Current Research Series no. 10. Center for Basque Studies. University of Nevada, Reno, EEUU. ISBN: 978-1-935709-35-0.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sustainable Development, Ecological Complexity and Environmental Values<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This Current Research series book on Sustainability contains a chapter that studies The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) from the Basque Country. The MA is a United Nations International and multidisciplinary Program that shows the relationships between nature and Human Well-Being. In the MA Follow up Context, this chapter analyses MA\u00b4s relevance in Northern Societies and presents the Biscay (Basque Country, Northern Spain) SGA case study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"articulo_plosone\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Mart\u00edn-L\u00f3pez, B., Iniesta-Arandia, I., Garc\u00eda-Llorente, M., Palomo, I., Casado-Arzuaga, I., Garc\u00eda del Amo, D., G\u00f3mez-Baggethun, E., Oteros-Rozas, E., Palacios-Agundez, I., Willaarts, B., Gonz\u00e1lez, J.A., Santos-Mart\u00edn, F., Onaindia, M., L\u00f3pez-Santiago, C.A., Montes, C. 2012. Uncovering Ecosystem Service Bundles through Social Preferences<\/em><\/strong>. PLoS ONE 7(6): e3897<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uncovering Ecosystem Service Bundles through Social Preferences<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ecosystem service assessments have increasingly been used to support environmental management policies, mainly based on biophysical and economic indicators. However, few studies have coped with the social-cultural dimension of ecosystem services. In this article, published in PLOS-ONE, social preferences toward ecosystem services are analyzed. Through face-to-face questionnaires made in eight different case study sites (Green Belt of Bilbao included) from 2007 to 2011, it was found that 90.5% of the sampled population recognized the ecosystem\u2019s capacity to deliver services. Formal studies, environmental behavior and gender variables influenced the probability of people recognizing the ecosystem\u2019s capacity to provide services. The ecosystem services most frequently perceived by people were regulating services; of those, air purification held the greatest importance. We conclude that socio-cultural study the preferences toward ecosystem services can serve as a tool to identify relevant services for people, the factors underlying these social preferences, and emerging ecosystem service bundles and trade-offs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Rodr\u00edguez-Loinaz, G., Amezaga, I., Onaindia, M. 2012. Does forest fragmentation affect the same way all growth-forms?<\/strong> <\/em>Journal of Environmental Management 94: 125-131.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Does forest fragmentation affect the same way all growth-forms?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fragmentation of natural habitats is one of the main causes of the loss of biodiversity. However, all plants do not respond to habitat fragmentation in the same way due to differences in species traits. We studied the effect of patch size and isolation on the biodiversity of vegetation in the mixed-oak forests in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. The aim was to evaluate whether all the growth-forms of vegetation are equally affected by forest fragmentation in order to improve the management strategies to restore this type of vegetation. This study has shown that the effect of the area and spatial isolation of the patches was not the same for the different growth-forms. Fragmentation had a mainly negative effect on the richness and diversity of forest specialist species, especially ferns and herbaceous growth-forms. Thus, in this region special attention should be paid to the conservation of forest specialist species, especially ferns and herbs, for which conservation of large forest areas should be promoted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pe\u00f1a, L., Amezaga, I., Onaindia, M. 2011. At which spatial scale are plant species composition and diversity affected in beech forests?<\/strong><\/em> Annals of Forest Science, 68: 1351-1362.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At which spatial scale are plant species composition and diversity affected in beech forests? <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This article discusses the environmental factors and landscape heterogeneity affecting the plant composition and plant diversity in the beech forests of the Basque Country, and is analyzed how they affect to various life forms. It is noted that the plant composition and plant diversity responda primarily to landscape heterogeneity that there are around the beech and secondly to soil pH.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Rodr\u00edguez-Loinaz, G., Amezaga, I., Onaindia, M. 2011. Efficacy of management policies on protection and recovery of natural ecosystems in the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve.<\/strong><\/em> Natural Areas Journal 31: 358-367.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Efficacy of Management Policies on Protection and Recovery of Natural Ecosystems in the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Knowledge of landscape patterns and dynamics is essential for land use planners and natural resources managers. They need to know how landscapes have changed in order to determine the consequences and efficacy of the management policies and implement future decision-making. This study characterized the landscape of the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve, which has been affected by the introduction of exotic tree species since the beginning of the 20th century. We examined the dynamics of this landscape between 1991 and 2009 and the consequences of having been declared a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1984. Despite the small change described, the first effects of conservation and environmental recovery policies can be detected. Nevertheless, there remains much to be done for recovering the natural ecosystem; the most difficult obstacles include the fact that most of the land is privately owned and an existence of the administrative complexity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Onaindia, M., Mitxelena, A. 2009. Potential use of pine plantations to restore native forests in a highly fragmented river basin.<\/strong><\/em> Annals of Forest Science, 66: 13-37.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Potential use of pine plantations to restore natural forests in a highly fragmented basin<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In forests, the substitution of broadleaf species by conifers can reduce biodiversity because coniferous forests generally provide less diverse vascular understories than broadleaf forests. However, in some cases, former pine plantations might be useful for restoring native forests. We compared plant species composition on the plot scale in natural beech and mixed oak forests with that in plantations of Pinus radiata. Links between plant diversity and landscape parameters (patch size, fractal dimension and distance to the nearest patch of the same type) were investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of pine plantations for restoring native diversity in a zone where native forests are very fragmented. Similar to oak forests, plant diversity in pine plantations was high, mainly due to the presence of generalist species. Some species characteristic of oak forests also appeared in pine plantations, suggesting the onset of natural forest regeneration. These results suggest that pine plantations could be used to promote natural regeneration of original oak forests. Moreover, residual native stands should be conserved as important sources of native species and their seeds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Rodr\u00edguez-Loinaz, G., Onaindia, M., Amezaga, I., Mijangos, I., Garbisu, C. 2008. Relationship between vegetation diversity and soil functional diversity in native mixed-oak forests.<\/em> <\/strong>Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40: 49-60.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Relationship between vegetation diversity and soil functional diversity in native mixed-oak forests<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the current study, we investigated the relationship between forest vegetation diversity and soil functional diversity (calculated from the activity of soil enzymes) in naturally developed plant communities of native mixed-oak forests without imposing any disturbances to already existing plant\u2013soil relationships. In order to do so, five different vegetation types, i.e., herbaceous plants, climbing plants, trees, shrubs, and ferns, were considered. Correlations between plant diversity, soil physicochemical properties, and soil enzyme activities were determined. Herbaceous plants and ferns showed a strong positive correlation between Shannon’s plant diversity and soil functional diversity. Furthermore, herbaceous plants showed a strong positive correlation between species richness and soil functional diversity. Although these correlations between plant diversity and soil functional diversity might possibly be due to the fact that higher values of plant richness and diversity result in a greater habitat heterogeneity in the soil, current knowledge on the topic is mixed and very incomplete and, then, one must be extremely cautious when interpreting such correlations.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

Castellano<\/summary>\n

Pe\u00f1a, L., L\u00f3pez de Abechuco, A., Ceballos, M., Ametzaga-Arregi, I., 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guia para desarrollar o mejorar una Infraestructura Verde-Azul a escala municipal en Euskadi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pe\u00f1a, L., Olaziregi, I., Mesa, J., Sertutxa, U., Ortega, U., Ametzaga-Arregi, I., 2022.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comunidad vegetal y mesofauna: Eucaliptales versus robledales. En actas del 8\u00ba Congreso Forestal Espa\u00f1ol. Ed. Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Ciencias Forestales, Catalu\u00f1a. ISBN: 978-84-941695-6-4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sertutxa, U., Pe\u00f1a, L. y Ametzaga-Arregi, I., 2022.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diversidad vegetal y de aves en bosques y plantaciones ex\u00f3ticas del Pa\u00eds Vasco. En actas del 8\u00ba Congreso Forestal Espa\u00f1ol. Ed. Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Ciencias Forestales, Catalu\u00f1a. ISBN: 978-84-941695-6-4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Fern\u00e1ndez de Manuel, B., Pe\u00f1a, L., Ametzaga, I., Onaindia, M. 2020. Gu\u00eda para la integraci\u00f3n de los servicios de los ecosistemas en la formulaci\u00f3n de planes y programas territoriales y urban\u00edsticos<\/em>. Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco (UPV\/EHU). Leioa, Espa\u00f1a. ISBN: 978-84-1319-238-3.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gu\u00eda para la integraci\u00f3n de los servicios de los ecosistemas en la formulaci\u00f3n de planes y programas territoriales y urban\u00edsticos.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La identificaci\u00f3n y la valoraci\u00f3n de los servicios de los ecosistemas, facilita la gesti\u00f3n territorial y la orientaci\u00f3n y priorizaci\u00f3n de la restauraci\u00f3n ecol\u00f3gica, as\u00ed como el desarrollo de la infraestructura verde, ya que informa sobre los beneficios de la conservaci\u00f3n de la biodiversidad e identifica a actores involucrados o afectados por las decisiones de manejo o uso de la tierra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Por ello, el objetivo de esta gu\u00eda es ofrecer una metodolog\u00eda que facilite la incorporaci\u00f3n de los SE en la formulaci\u00f3n de planes y programas territoriales, de ordenaci\u00f3n de recursos naturales y urban\u00edsticos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pe\u00f1a, L., Arana, I., Rodr\u00edguez, G., Ametzaga-Arregui, I., Onaindia, M., 2020. \u00bfCambia la percepci\u00f3n sobre los servicios de los ecosistemas de los usuarios de la Reserva de la Biosfera de Urdaibai frente a los del Cintur\u00f3n Verde de Bilbao? Forum de Sostenibilidad 9<\/em>, 32-39. ISSN: 1887-9810. <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conocer la percepci\u00f3n que la sociedad tiene sobre los servicios de los ecosistemas es fundamental para desarrollar estrategias de gesti\u00f3n sostenible que beneficien, tanto a la sociedad como al medio ambiente.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la percepci\u00f3n que poseen los usuarios sobre la oferta y demanda de los SE en la Reserva de la Biosfera de Urdaibai (RBU), analizar sus similitudes o diferencias y determinar si la valoraci\u00f3n de la oferta de SE percibida muestra diferencias en funci\u00f3n del ecosistema que se analice. Para ello, se realizaron 100 encuestas en el a\u00f1o 2015 en distintos ecosistemas de la RBU. Los resultados indicaban que los SE m\u00e1s demandados fueron la conservaci\u00f3n de la biodiversidad, el abastecimiento de agua y alimentos, la regulaci\u00f3n de la calidad del aire y del clima y el conocimiento cient\u00edfico. Mientras que, la oferta estaba m\u00e1s dirigida hacia conservaci\u00f3n de la biodiversidad y los servicios culturales, en general. Adem\u00e1s, las marismas y los h\u00e1bitats costeros los identificaron principalmente con la provisi\u00f3n de la conservaci\u00f3n de la biodiversidad, el disfrute est\u00e9tico del paisaje, el recreo y la regulaci\u00f3n h\u00eddrica, mientras que las plantaciones forestales y los bosques naturales con la regulaci\u00f3n clim\u00e1tica y la polinizaci\u00f3n. A pesar de la relevancia de los bosques naturales en la provisi\u00f3n de SE desde el punto de vista biof\u00edsico, la percepci\u00f3n social no mostr\u00f3 lo mismo, lo que indica una necesidad de incrementar la educaci\u00f3n ambiental en este tema.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Onaindia, M., Pe\u00f1a, L., Fern\u00e1ndez de Manuel, B., M\u00e9ndez, L., Viota, M., Ametzaga-Arregi, I. 2020. Co-creaci\u00f3n de conocimiento para la inclusi\u00f3n del enfoque de servicios de los ecosistemas en la ordenaci\u00f3n del territorio del Pa\u00eds Vasco. Ecosistemas<\/em> 29(1):1934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7818\/ECOS.1934<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co-creaci\u00f3n de conocimiento para la inclusi\u00f3n del enfoque de servicios de los ecosistemas en la ordenaci\u00f3n del territorio del Pa\u00eds Vasco.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

El tipo de desarrollo sostenible al que aspiramos necesita, entre otras cosas, una base de conocimiento cient\u00edfico, acuerdos sociales y decisiones pol\u00edticas que encaminen la gesti\u00f3n hacia una ruta de sostenibilidad. Por lo tanto, es fundamental identificar el conocimiento necesario para la parte pol\u00edtica y t\u00e9cnica, y el tipo de ciencia que se requiere desarrollar para este fin. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el trabajo desarrollado a trav\u00e9s de una comunidad de pr\u00e1ctica, que contribuye a una eficiente colaboraci\u00f3n entre la investigaci\u00f3n y la gesti\u00f3n. La experiencia de trabajo transdisciplinar est\u00e1 basada en un enfoque hol\u00edstico y colaborativo entre equipos de la universidad y equipos t\u00e9cnicos de la administraci\u00f3n p\u00fablica a diferentes escalas. El objeto de estudio de esta comunidad de pr\u00e1ctica es la aplicaci\u00f3n del enfoque de los servicios de los ecosistemas a pol\u00edticas de ordenaci\u00f3n territorial. Se analiza la co-creaci\u00f3n de conocimiento para la aplicaci\u00f3n de pol\u00edticas orientadas a la gesti\u00f3n sostenible del territorio. Como resultado del trabajo colaborativo se ha incluido el enfoque basado en servicios de los ecosistemas en las Directrices de Ordenaci\u00f3n Territorial de la Comunidad Aut\u00f3noma del Pa\u00eds Vasco, lo que tiene como consecuencia que los diferentes departamentos de la Administraci\u00f3n, y a diferentes escalas, deber\u00e1n implementar acciones para el mantenimiento de los servicios de los ecosistemas y la promoci\u00f3n de una infraestructura verde local. Los resultados demuestran que los puentes entre ciencia y gesti\u00f3n pueden ser exitosos para establecer directrices de gesti\u00f3n con base cient\u00edfica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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L\u00f3pez-Rodr\u00edguez, M.D., Ametzaga-Arregi, I., Viota, M., Cabello, J. 2020. Interfaz ciencia-gesti\u00f3n-sociedad en el \u00e1mbito de la conservaci\u00f3n: avances conceptuales y metodol\u00f3gicos. Ecosistemas<\/em> 29(1):1965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7818\/ECOS.1965<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Interfaz ciencia-gesti\u00f3n-sociedad en el \u00e1mbito de la conservaci\u00f3n: avances conceptuales y metodol\u00f3gicos<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

En la era del Antropoceno los procesos de cambio global representan uno de los mayores desaf\u00edos del siglo XXI para nuestra sociedad (Funtowicz y Ravetz 1993). Desde la Revoluci\u00f3n Industrial, los efectos de la actividad humana han provocado perturbaciones en los sistemas naturales generando p\u00e9rdida progresiva de biodiversidad y disminuci\u00f3n de los servicios de los ecosistemas a escala mundial, que a su vez ponen en riesgo el bienestar humano (MEA 2005; Rockstrom et al. 2009; Butchart et al. 2010; Steffen et al. 2011). En este preocupante escenario, gran parte de la comunidad cient\u00edfica reconoce que la ciencia deber\u00eda adoptar un rol clave proveyendo activamente conocimiento cient\u00edfico que contribuya a abordar estos desaf\u00edos y ayudar a la sociedad a transitar hacia la sostenibilidad (Lubchenco 1998; DeFries et al. 2012; Ellison 2016; Mastr\u00e1ngelo et al. 2019). Para avanzar en esta direcci\u00f3n, se necesitan urgentemente nuevos enfoques cient\u00edficos que ayuden a mejorar el impacto del conocimiento cient\u00edfico en las pol\u00edticas y la sociedad (Funtowicz y Ravetz 1993; Gibbons et al. 1994; Lubchenco 1998; Nowotny 2001; Lawrence 2015; Watson et al 2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/a>Rodriguez-Loinaz, G., Onaindia,M.,  I., Palacios, I. 2017. Potencial Did\u00e1ctico del concepto \u00abServicios de los Ecosistemas\u00bb  X Congreso Interacional sobre Investigaci\u00f3n en did\u00e1ctica de las ciencias. Sevilla, Espa\u00f1a. 8 pp. ISBN: 2174-6486<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Potencial Did\u00e1ctico del concepto \u00abServicios de los Ecosistemas\u00bb <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

El concepto de \u201cservicio de los ecosistemas\u201d presenta una visi\u00f3n antropoc\u00e9ntrica de la
naturaleza que muestra a la misma como proveedora de servicios que contribuyen al bienestar humano. Este concepto est\u00e1 alcanzando gran relevancia a nivel cient\u00edfco y pol\u00edtico, pero su inclusi\u00f3n en la
esfera educativa es muy limitada. Para analizar el potencial did\u00e1ctico de este concepto, se realizaron dos jornadas dirigidas a los responsables de las Agendas 21 escolares. En ellas se present\u00f3 el concepto de \u201cservicios de los ecosistemas\u201d
y el marco conceptual en el cual se enmarca. Finalmente se pregunt\u00f3 a los asistentes sobre su potencial
did\u00e1ctico y las necesidades para su transposici\u00f3n did\u00e1ctica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"libro_bizkaia_euskera\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Onaindia, M., Madariaga, I., Palacios, I., Arana, X. (Koord.) 2015.  Naturaleza y Bienestar en Bizkaia. Evaluaci\u00f3n de los Servicios de los Ecosistemas; investigaci\u00f3n aplicada a la gesti\u00f3n.<\/em> Euskal Herriko Unibetsitatea (UPV\/EHU). Leioa, Espa\u00f1a. 130 pp. ISBN: 978-84-9082-179-4.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Naturaleza y Bienestar en Bizkaia. Evaluaci\u00f3n de los Servicios de los Ecosistemas; investigaci\u00f3n aplicada a la gesti\u00f3n.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La Evaluaci\u00f3n de los Ecosistemas del Milenio en Bizkaia est\u00e1 siendo pionera en la aplicaci\u00f3n pr\u00e1ctica del marco conceptual y metodol\u00f3gico de los servicios de los ecosistemas hacia una gesti\u00f3n territorial participativa e integradora. Tanto es as\u00ed que en foros internacionales sobre la materia, la experiencia de nuestro Territorio Hist\u00f3rico ha sido reconocida como un ejemplo a seguir de integraci\u00f3n entre sociedad, ciencia y gesti\u00f3n. Los resultados obtenidos desde esta escala local-regional que se presentan en este libro se\u00f1alan esta forma de trabajo integradora y participativa, como una herramienta innovadora y \u00fatil en la que seguir apoy\u00e1ndose y profundizando para crear cambios significativos hacia una sociedad solidaria, y un territorio ambiental y econ\u00f3micamente m\u00e1s sostenible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pe\u00f1a, A., Alexis, S., Onaindia, M., 2015. La Reserva de la Biosfera de Jaragua-Bahoruco-Enriquillo, Rep\u00fablica Dominicana. Percepci\u00f3n del paisaje y propuesta para un uso sostenido basado en la disponibilidad de recursos naturales. Forum de Sostenibilidad 7: 117-131.<\/em><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La Reserva de la Biosfera de Jaragua-Bahoruco-Enriquillo, Rep\u00fablica Dominicana. Percepci\u00f3n del paisaje y propuesta para un uso sostenido basado en la disponibilidad de recursos naturales.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Los resultados obtenidos sirvieron para valorar la calidad visual de las unidades y subunidades de paisaje de la reserva de la biosfera, en la elecci\u00f3n de los factores empleados en el modelo y en la asignaci\u00f3n de grados de valoraci\u00f3n ambiental a cada uno de ellos. Al ser esta una encuesta personal es inevitable que la calidad del paisaje sea un concepto intuitivo y personal que viene expresado por la belleza, agrado y emoci\u00f3n que provoca un territorio, y est\u00e1 sujeta a m\u00faltiples facetas (edad, sexo, cultura, entorno). El 50% de los usuarios del territorio conocen los parques y sobre todo lo identifica con una actividad recreativa asociada con el uso del agua, ya que es donde se encuentra las playas y r\u00edos. En cuanto a las preferencias de paisaje, los colectivos de agricultores predominantemente valoran los agrosistemas, mientras que los profesionales de otros campos, como los educadores reconocen principalmente la importancia de los sistemas naturales. Por otra parte se percibe una mala gesti\u00f3n en la zona, a pesar de estar bajo un status de protecci\u00f3n y al mismo tiempo de co-manejo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mendia, M; Monge-Ganuzas, M.; Onaindia, M.; Pe\u00f1a, L. 2015. Propuesta metodol\u00f3gica para integrar la biodiversidad y los Lugares de Inter\u00e9s Geol\u00f3gico en la gesti\u00f3n de \u00e1reas protegidas: el ejemplo de la Reserva de la Biosfera de Urdaibai. En: Hilario, A.; Mendia, M; Monge, M.; Fern\u00e1ndez, E.; Vegas, J.; Belmonte, A. (eds.) Patrimonio geol\u00f3gico y Geoparques, avances de un camino para todos. Cuadernos del Museo Geominero, n\u00ba 18,<\/em> pp. 255-260. Instituto Geol\u00f3gico y Minero de Espa\u00f1a, Madrid, 2015. ISBN 978-84-7840-962-4.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Propuesta metodol\u00f3gica para integrar la biodiversidad y los Lugares de Inter\u00e9s Geol\u00f3gico en la gesti\u00f3n de \u00e1reas protegidas: el ejemplo de la Reserva de la Biosfera de Urdaibai.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La adecuada gesti\u00f3n de las \u00e1reas protegidas requiere de la toma en consideraci\u00f3n tanto de su biodiversidad como de su geodiversidad, as\u00ed como de sus interrelaciones. Por ello, este trabajo tiene como objetivo proporcionar un marco metodol\u00f3gico para integrar las \u00e1reas biol\u00f3gica y\/o geol\u00f3gicamente valiosas de estos espacios dentro de una red de diversidad natural que deber\u00e1 ser tenida en cuenta dentro de sus documentos de planificaci\u00f3n. Como caso de estudio se ha utilizado la Reserva de la Biosfera de Urdaibai (RBU), ya que su Plan de Gesti\u00f3n se encuentra actualmente en proceso de revisi\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"articulo_casado_forum5\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Casado-Arzuaga, I., Palacios-Agundez, I., Arana, X., Madariaga, I., Onaindia, M. 2012. Influencia de los factores socioecon\u00f3micos y culturales en la valoraci\u00f3n de los servicios de los ecosistemas en el Cintur\u00f3n Verde del Bilbao Metropolitano. Forum de Sostenibilidad 5: 73-91. <\/em><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Influencia de los factores socioecon\u00f3micos y culturales en la valoraci\u00f3n de los servicios de los ecosistemas en el Cintur\u00f3n Verde del Bilbao Metropolitano<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

En este estudio se analiza el inter\u00e9s social que existe por la conservaci\u00f3n de los ecosistemas que componen el Cintur\u00f3n Verde del Bilbao Metropolitano y los factores que influyen en la disposici\u00f3n a pagar de las personas encuestadas. Casi el 90% de la poblaci\u00f3n se mostr\u00f3 dispuesta a colaborar en la conservaci\u00f3n del \u00e1rea de estudio, siendo los factores que influyen positivamente una menor edad, un mayor nivel de estudios e ingresos, un mayor conocimiento sobre el \u00e1rea, un mayor comportamiento ambiental y el car\u00e1cter urbano. Como conclusi\u00f3n se puede se\u00f1alar que la poblaci\u00f3n se muestra a favor de que las administraciones p\u00fablicas inviertan en la conservaci\u00f3n de este entorno natural.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"libro_servicios_espaa\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palacios-Agundez, I., Casado-Arzuaga, I., Rodr\u00edguez-Loinaz, G., Arana, X., Madariaga, I., Onaindia, M. 2011. Cap. 32: Sistemas Socioecol\u00f3gicos de Bizkaia.<\/em> En: Evaluaci\u00f3n de los Ecosistemas del Milenio en Espa\u00f1a. <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Caso de estudio dentro de la Evaluaci\u00f3n de Ecosistemas del Milenio de Espa\u00f1a: Sistemas socio-ecol\u00f3gicos de Bizkaia.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

El proyecto de Bizkaia y el de la Evaluaci\u00f3n de los Ecosistemas del Milenio de Espa\u00f1a (EME) est\u00e1n interconectados, de modo que se trabaja conjuntamente para la unificaci\u00f3n de metodolog\u00edas y criterios. Adem\u00e1s, el proyecto de Bizkaia se incorpora a EME como un estudio de caso, con el fin de realizar una evaluaci\u00f3n multiescalar a nivel nacional. Por ello, en el informe final de resultados de EME se incluye este cap\u00edtulo sobre el proyecto de Bizkaia. Contiene los principales resultados obtenidos en la primera fase del proyecto EEMBizkaia (2008-2010), que busca conocer la interrelaci\u00f3n existente entre los socio-ecosistemas de Bizkaia y el bienestar de su poblaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"articulo_onaindia_forum4\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Onaindia, M., Pe\u00f1a, L., Rodr\u00edguez-Loinaz, G. 2010. Evaluaci\u00f3n de los servicios de los ecosistemas como base para la gesti\u00f3n sostenible del territorio. Forum de Sostenibilidad 4<\/em>: 21-31. ISSN: 1887-9810<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evaluaci\u00f3n de los Servicios de los Ecosistemas como base para la gesti\u00f3n sostenible del territorio.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conocer la distribuci\u00f3n de determinados servicios de los ecosistemas es importante como base para la gesti\u00f3n sostenible del territorio. En este cap\u00edtulo se eval\u00faan cuatro servicios de los ecosistemas: biodiversidad, regulaci\u00f3n del ciclo hidrol\u00f3gico, almacenamiento de carbono y uso recreativo; y su distribuci\u00f3n en el territorio en la Reserva de la Biosfera de Urdaibai identificando las \u00e1reas con mayor valor para el mantenimiento de determinados servicios. Se analiza, adem\u00e1s, el solapamiento entre la distribuci\u00f3n de la biodiversidad y la tasa de crecimiento de la vegetaci\u00f3n, como una medida de la producci\u00f3n, con el resto de servicios con el objetivo de conocer si \u00e9stas pueden ser un indicador de s\u00edntesis para la evaluaci\u00f3n de los dem\u00e1s servicios. Los resultados muestran un alto solapamiento entre las \u00e1reas de gran biodiversidad y las \u00e1reas con alto valor para los servicios analizados lo que indica que la biodiversidad puede aplicarse en esta zona como un indicador de los servicios de los ecosistemas, no as\u00ed la tasa de crecimiento ya que presenta un bajo solapamiento con los servicios estudiados.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"articulo_madariaga_forum4\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Madariaga, I., Arana, X., Casado-Arzuaga, I., Palacios-Agundez, I. 2010. Servicios de los ecosistemas del paisaje cultural de Bizkaia. Perspectiva hist\u00f3rica de la actividad forestal y minera. Forum de Sostenibilidad 4:<\/em> 33-46. ISSN: 1887-9810<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Servicios de los ecosistemas del paisaje cultural de Bizkaia. Perspectiva hist\u00f3rica de la actividad forestal y minera. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La relaci\u00f3n entre el suministro energ\u00e9tico procedente de los bosques y la actividad ferrona a lo largo de la historia ha sido estrecha y crucial. En el siglo XIX se lleg\u00f3 a un punto de inflexi\u00f3n, motivado por la llegada del carb\u00f3n mineral, la privatizaci\u00f3n de los montes, la siderurgia industrial, la miner\u00eda intensiva y el \u201cboom\u201d de la poblaci\u00f3n humana. Se alter\u00f3 la demanda de servicios de los ecosistemas: menos biomasa energ\u00e9tica, pero m\u00e1s mineral de hierro. En el siglo XX se reinvent\u00f3 el modelo de gesti\u00f3n forestal, el sector de la miner\u00eda del hierro tuvo su auge y ocaso y, entre tanto, la poblaci\u00f3n humana sigui\u00f3 creciendo, hasta quedar estabilizada a finales del milenio. El resultado final es un paisaje antr\u00f3pico fuertemente intervenido, donde las repoblaciones forestales y los antiguos yacimientos de mineral de hierro marcan el rasgo  est\u00e9tico e imprimen car\u00e1cter al territorio. En t\u00e9rminos socio-ecol\u00f3gicos, los servicios obtenidos de los ecosistemas de Bizkaia han procurado el bienestar de la poblaci\u00f3n local y regional. En la actualidad, el sector forestal se encuentra en un momento incierto y requiere una profunda reflexi\u00f3n; y la actividad de extracci\u00f3n de hierro ya es historia y parte del patrimonio cultural.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"articulo_palacios_forum4\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palacios-Agundez, I., Casado-Arzuaga, I., Arana, X.,  Madariaga, I., 2010. Escenarios de futuro en los socio-ecosistemas de Bizkaia en el marco de la Evaluaci\u00f3n de los Ecosistemas del Milenio. Forum de Sostenibilidad 4<\/em>: 47-64. ISSN: 1887-9810<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Escenarios de futuro en los socio-ecosistemas de Bizkaia en el marco de la Evaluaci\u00f3n de los Ecosistemas del Milenio.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

En sinton\u00eda con la metodolog\u00eda desarrollada en el programa Evaluaci\u00f3n de los Ecosistemas del Milenio (MA) de Naciones Unidas, en el proyecto Evaluaci\u00f3n de los Ecosistemas del Milenio en Bizkaia (EEMBizkaia) se ha trabajado con los principales actores sociales del territorio en la creaci\u00f3n de escenarios de futuro para Bizkaia basados en la tendencia de los servicios de los ecosistemas. De forma participativa se identificaron los principales impulsores directos e indirectos de cambio en Bizkaia y se construyeron escenarios de futuro para Bizkaia a partir de los escenarios globales desarrollados en la MA. Extrayendo los elementos m\u00e1s positivos de los diferentes escenarios construidos, se configur\u00f3 el escenario apuesta \u201cBizkaia de lo local a lo global y viceversa\u201d. A trav\u00e9s del trabajo participativo con actores sociales, que ha permitido hacer uso del conocimiento local y especializado existente en la zona, se propusieron determinadas l\u00edneas de actuaci\u00f3n que permiten trabajar desde el presente para caminar hacia ese futuro deseado. Se constata que para alcanzar el futuro deseado descrito para Bizkaia se requiere de un modelo de gesti\u00f3n participativo que tenga presentes los v\u00ednculos entre la salud de los ecosistemas y el bienestar humano.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"libro_servicios_ambientales\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Onaindia, M., Pe\u00f1a, L., Amezaga, I., Rodr\u00edguez-Loinaz, G. 2010. Evaluaci\u00f3n y localizaci\u00f3n de los servicios de los ecosistemas en la Reserva de Biosfera de Urdaibai-Pa\u00eds Vasco,<\/em> pp. 93-105. En: Onaindia, M. (Ed.), Servicios Ambientales en Reservas de la Biosfera Espa\u00f1olas. Oficina UNESCO-MaB y OAPN.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evaluaci\u00f3n y localizaci\u00f3n de los servicios de los ecosistemas en la Reserva de Biosfera de Urdaibai-Pa\u00eds Vasco<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"articulo_pea_guiaurdaibai\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pe\u00f1a, L., Rodr\u00edguez_Loinaz, G., Onaindia, M. 2010. Servicios de Regulaci\u00f3n de los ecosistemas en la Reserva de la Biosfera de Urdaibai<\/em>. En Onaindia, M.; Ibabe, A.; Unzueta, J. (Eds.). Gu\u00eda Cient\u00edfica de Urdaibai. ISBN: 978-84-693-2945-0.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Servicios de Regulaci\u00f3n de los ecosistemas en la Reserva de la Biosfera de Urdaibai<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

En este art\u00edculo se introduce brevemente la evaluaci\u00f3n de los ecosistemas y las funciones y servicios que ofrecen los ecosistemas. A continuaci\u00f3n se explican los servicios de regulaci\u00f3n que los ecosistemas de la Reserva de la Biosfera de Urdaibai aportan a la sociedad, como son la regulaci\u00f3n atmosf\u00e9rica y clim\u00e1tica, la amortiguaci\u00f3n de perturbaciones, la regulaci\u00f3n y disponibilidad h\u00eddrica, la retenci\u00f3n del suelo y la regulaci\u00f3n de nutrientes, la polinizaci\u00f3n y la conservaci\u00f3n de la biodiversidad, as\u00ed como la localizaci\u00f3n espacial de estos servicios y sus beneficiarios. Adem\u00e1s, se explican los principales impactos y presiones que sufren los<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

Euskera<\/summary>\n

Pe\u00f1a, L., Olaziregi, I., Mesa, J., Sertutxa, U., Ortega, U., Ametzaga-Arregi, I., 2022.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Landare-komunitatea eta mesofauna: Eukaliptal versus hariztiak. Espainiako Basogintzako 8. Kongresuko aktetan. Ed. Baso Zientzien Espainiako Elkartea, Katalunia. ISBN: 978-84-941695-6-4<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sertutxa, U., Pe\u00f1a, L. eta Ametzaga-Arregi, I., 2022.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Landare- eta hegazti-aniztasuna Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko baso eta landaketa exotikoetan. Espainiako Basogintzako 8. Kongresuko aktetan. Ed. Baso Zientzien Espainiako Elkartea, Katalunia. ISBN: 978-84-941695-6-4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Fern\u00e1ndez de Manuel, B., Pe\u00f1a, L., Ametzaga, I., Onaindia, M. 2020. Gida praktikoa ekosistemen zerbitzuak lurralde- eta hirigintza- plan eta -programen formulazioan integratzeko<\/em>. Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco (UPV\/EHU). Leioa, Espa\u00f1a. ISBN: 978-84-1319-238-3.<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gida praktikoa ekosistemen zerbitzuak lurralde- eta hirigintza-plan eta- programen formulazioan integratzeko.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekosistemen zerbitzuak identifikatzeak eta baloratzeak erraztu egiten du lurralde-kudeaketa eta lehengoratze ekologikoa orientatzea eta lehenestea, bai eta azpiegitura berdea garatzea ere; hori horrela da biodibertsitatea kontserbatzearen onurei buruzko informazioa ematen duelako eta lurra maneiatzeko edo erabiltzeko erabakietan inplikatutako edo eragindako eragileak identifikatzen dituelako.
Horregatik, gida honen helburua da E.Z. natura- eta hirigintza-baliabideak antolatzeko lurralde-plan eta -programen formulazioan sartzea erraztuko duen metodologia eskaintzea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Palacios-Agundez, I., Onaindia, M., Uria, A., & Rodr\u00edguez-Loinaz, G. (2018). Naturaren onurak gizarteratzeko hezkuntza: ekosistemen zerbitzuen ikasketa-irakasketarako inplementazio didaktikoa. IKASTORRATZA. e-Revista de Did\u00e1ctica, 21, 87-106<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Naturaren onurak gizarteratzeko hezkuntza: ekosistemen zerbitzuen ikasketa-irakasketarako inplementazio didaktikoa<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekosistemak eta horiek ematen dizkiguten onurak (ekosistemen zerbitzuak deritzena) hobeto ezagutzea eta baloratzea ezinbestekoa da naturaren inguruko erabaki zuzenak hartzeko. Haur, gazte eta helduei biodibertsitateak ematen dituen onuren inguruan ikasketa-irakasketa prozesuak aurrera eramateak, errealitatearen analisi kritikoa egiten eta erabaki arduratsuak hartzen lagun dakieke. Hala ere, ekosistemen zerbitzuen kontzeptuak azken hamarkadan maila zientifikoan zein politikoan nazioarteko berebiziko garrantzia hartu badu ere, hezkuntza arloan kontzeptu hau oraindik garatzeke dago. Horregatik, ekosistemen zerbitzuen inguruko ikasketa-irakasketa prozesuak bultzatzen laguntzeko helburuarekin, lan honetan metodologia aktiboak erabiltzen dituen interbentzio didaktiko bat aurkezten da, zeina hiru urtetan arrakastaz inplementatu den.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"libro_bizkaia_euskera\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

O<\/a>naindia, M., Madariaga, I., Palacios, I., Arana, X. (Koord.) 2015. Natura eta Ongizatea Bizkaian. Ekosistemen Zerbitzuen Ebaluazioa; ikerketa kudeaketan.<\/em> Euskal Herriko Unibetsitatea (UPV\/EHU). Leioa, Espa\u00f1a. 130 pp. ISBN: 978-84-9082-179-4.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Natura eta Ongizatea Bizkaian. Ekosistemen Zerbitzuen Ebaluazioa; ikerketa kudeaketan<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Milurteko Ekosistemen Ebaluazioa Bizkaian proiektua Nazio Batuen \u201cMilurteko Ekosistemen Ebaluazioa\u201d Nazioarteko Programa Zientifikoaren esparru kontzeptuala eta metodologikoa aplikatuz egin da, eta kalitateko ezagutza zientifikoa sortu du natura-ondareari, lurralde horretako ekosistemen zerbitzuei eta haietatik eratorrita gizartearen eta ingurumenaren artean sortu diren harremanei buruz. Ikerketa honek, gainera, Europak 2020rako Biodibertsitateari buruzko Europako Estrategian zehaztutako helburuei erantzuten die; ingurunea kontserbatzeko eta leheneratzeko \u2014zehazki, ekosistemen zerbitzuak gure bizi-aseguru gisa zaintzeko\u2014 ezagutzaren beharra azpimarratzen du estrategia horrek<\/p>\n<\/details>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1526,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1644","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ehu.eus\/cdsea\/web\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1644"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ehu.eus\/cdsea\/web\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ehu.eus\/cdsea\/web\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ehu.eus\/cdsea\/web\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ehu.eus\/cdsea\/web\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1644"}],"version-history":[{"count":138,"href":"https:\/\/www.ehu.eus\/cdsea\/web\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1644\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19137,"href":"https:\/\/www.ehu.eus\/cdsea\/web\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1644\/revisions\/19137"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ehu.eus\/cdsea\/web\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1526"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ehu.eus\/cdsea\/web\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1644"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}