Outcomes on which the student shall be competent at the end of the Course include:



1. Knowing and describing methodically the morphology and morphological interrelations of the body parts belonging to the Human Anatomy IV Subject.



2. Knowing of the most frequent individual morphological variations of the body parts belonging to the Human Anatomy IV Subject.



3. Visualizing mentally the morphology, morphological interrelations and most frequent morphological variations of the body parts belonging to the Human Anatomy IV Subject.



4. Identifying and describing what is said above in Points 1-2 but on images obtained by technological means (imaging techniques).



5. Getting dexterity in dissecting the human body.



6. Using of proper anatomical terminology in oral and written communication.



7. Getting used to the scientific method, that is: see for yourself, compare it with that seen by others, draw personal conclusions (autopsía and hermeneía).



8. Getting used to habits of searching for and selecting scientific information.



9. Knowing the current trends of anatomy research



10.Knowing the need for continuous professional training.



11.Working cooperatively in group.



12.Developping emotional skills such as compassion, detached empathy, professionalism, which appear because of working with human cadavers, procedures and contents directly related to medicine (dissections, view of final outcome of pathologies, etc.).



13.Knowing that death is but a part of the life cycle.



14.Being aware of the necessity of generous body donations for the advancement of medical knowledge and education.

CONTENTS. Theoretical and practical. (A full Syllabus shall be provided by the teacher to the students at the beginning of the Course)



Human Anatomy IV contents shall be divided into two main Sections, namely, the Head and Neck Section and the Neuroanatomy Section.



Head and Neck Section concerns all teaching doings devoted to the gross anatomy (skeleton; joints and ligaments; muscles; fasciae; respiratory pathway and organs; alimentary pathway and organs; any other organ/gland; nerves, nerve plexuses, nerve ganglia; arteries, veins, lymphatics; regions, spaces, fossae, cavities; integument; surface anatomy) of the head and neck of the human body except nucha. As well, the Head and Neck Section includes the sessions dedicated to the sense organs (special and general; exteroceptive, proprioceptive, interoceptive, nociceptive) and their associated nerves. (Nonetheless, peripheral nerve pathways shall be detailed only in regions belonging to the head and neck.)



In turn, the Neuroanatomy Section concerns all teaching doings devoted to the anatomy of the central nervous system (CNS) and meninges. This includes, (A) the arrange of the dura matter, arachnoid matter and pia matter, the meningeal spaces, cisterns and sinuses, and the relation of the meninges with both, the surrounding skeleton and the resident CNS; (B) the gross anatomy of the external surface and internal cavities of the spinal cord, hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain and subdivisions; (C) the description and 2-D and 3-D placement of neuronal nuclei, neuronal centers, nodes and networks together with the ascending, descending and regional/local axon tracts in the CNS; (D) the sectional anatomy (transverse, sagittal, parasagittal and oblique) of CNS, inclusive of the regional/local distribution of gray and white matters; (F) the CNS origin (central and apparent) and intra-cranial and intra-spinal course of cranial nerves and spinal nerves, respectively; (E) the vascularization of the CNS and meninges; (G) the anatomy of the sites of production, circulation and drainage of cerebrospinal fluid.

Finally, the Neuroanatomy Section studies the anatomical organization of the CNS in so-called CNS systems (neurons and axonal interconnections serving for the integration and control of body and mental functions).



All of the above-said contents shall be worked through 36 lectures, 40 lab practices and 8 seminars, each of them lasting 1 hour. Notice that lab practices are grouped in sessions of two hours; so do seminars. Thus, in the Course there is 36 one-hour sessions for lectures, 20 two-hour sessions for lab practices and 4 two-hour sessions for seminars. Specific contents of lectures, seminar sessions and lab practices shall correspond to each other, they running in parallel along the course.



For more information, see the Syllabus of Human Anatomy IV, which is to be delivered by the teacher to the students at the beginning of the Course.

Teaching/learning and assessing methods used in the Human Anatomy IV Course are:



1. Lectures, which shall be imparted by the teacher with the purpose of,

A. Supplying a core of knowledge to the Course content,

B. Discussing with the students the outcome of the student's study in the book and other sources of information,

C. Guiding student's further study.



2. Seminars. Seminars shall consist of oral presentations on Human Anatomy IV topics as prepared and presented by working-groups of students. Seminar topics shall be suggested by the teacher (nonetheless, students' reasoned suggestions could be accepted). Ensuing discussion among classmates under teacher's supervision shall complete each Seminar session. A written summary of up to 300 words on the content of each oral presentation shall be sent by e-mail to the teacher prior to the oral presentation by the relevant student working-group. The teacher shall provide in turn a formative feed-back to the students about both oral presentations and written abstracts, and both about contents and form.



3. Laboratory (practice sessions). The lab doings shall be worked by groups of students with teacher's guideline. The lab activities are not only to complete gaining of anatomical knowledge but also supply students with communicative, technical and professional skills (both for individuals and working-groups). In the lab it is to be used: models in 2-D and 3-D of the human body and its parts, models in 2-D and 3-D of the human sense organs; human skeletons; human skulls and vertebral columns; isolated human bones; human cadavers; isolated human brains and spinal cords; imaging materials of the head and neck, their parts and contents.



4. Steady attendance and attitude. Consistent readiness and attendance to the activities above-said in Points 1-3 is necessary for achieving the outcomes and competences of the Course. Therefore, steady attendance to all Course doings, including part-examinations along the Continuous Assessment System, is mandatory. Readiness to do all Course activities shall be assessed too along the Continuous Assessment System.



5. Student's work (individual and group). By working on information from sources suggested by the teacher.



6. Personal notebooks. Each student shall keep a record of its Course work, in particular of personal lab doings and conclusions, in a notebook.



7. Tutorials. Appointed hours at which students (individuals and groups) can ask for teacher's guide on Subject-related matters.



8. Continuous Assessment System. To facilitate and accelerate student's learning, the teacher shall assess the knowledge and skills worked as said in the above-written Paragraphs 1-7 of this Methods Section. Then, the teacher shall provide a training feed-back to the student. In this way the student become aware of its learning as well as of ways to improve it.

Continuous Assessment System shall go through four part-examinations that match the teaching parts into which the Course shall be divided. Each part-examination being made up of:

A. One Multiple Choice Questionnaire test (MCQ). It shall account for up to 35% of the part-examination grade.

B. An image/oral/written test on questions concerning practice doings. It shall account for up to 35% of the part-examination grade.

C. An assessment of seminars. It shall account for up to 15% of the part-examination grade.

D. An assessment of personal notebook and steady attendance and attitude to the Course doings. It shall account for up to 15% of the part-examination grade.

E. Part-examinations. In order to pass each part-examination it shall be required to score at least 80% of the total 100 possible points as described above in Points A-D of this Paragraph.

F. Passing of all part-examinations. Not having failed any part-examination through the Continuous Assessment System, the Closing Grade shall be computed by averaging the grades achieved at all part-examinations and then saved for the Ordinary Exam Call.

G. Failing part-examinations. Failing any part-examination on occasion of the Continuous Assessment System shall mean that the corresponding part should be necessarily re-examined on occasion of the Ordinary Exam Call or/and the Extraordinary Exam Call.

In such an event, scores of the part-examinations passed through the Continuous Assessment System shall be taken into account for averaging the Closing Grade.

Also in such an event, scores of the seminar assessments and the notebook, attendance and attitude assessments achieved through the Continuous Assessment System for the failed part-examinations shall be added to the scores of the new MCQ tests and the new practice-doings tests in order to average:

i. First, each of the pending part-examinations grades, with the same calcule of percentages that is stated above in Points A-E of Paragraph 8,

ii. Then, the Closing Grade, if appropriated. Any part-examination passed here shall be kept until Extraordinary Exam Call.

Human Anatomy IV Closing Grade at the Ordinary Exam Call shall be the outcome of any of the following events:



A. For students following the Continuous Assessment System

i. The averaged grades of the part-examinations passed through the Continuous Assessment System.

ii. The averaged grades of the part-examinations passed through the Continuous Assessment System and the parts failed through the Continuous Assessment System yet passed at the Ordinary Exam Call.

Be aware that each part-examination is to be passed independently before being averaged with the grades of the remaining part-examinations. Scores of the passed part-examinations shall be then kept on record until the Extraordinary Exam Call if necessary.

iii. Renounce to the Continuous Assessment System should be done by means of notice in writing directed to the Teacher within nine weeks from the starting of the Course.

iv. Renounce to the Ordinary Exam Call should be done by means of notice in writing directed to the Teacher within the month prior to the ending of the teaching part of the Course. Then, the Closing Grade shall be 'Not Taken' and the number of spent Calls shall not run.



B. For students renouncing to the Continuous Assessment System

i. This Exam shall consist of four part-examinations corresponding with the respective contents of the four teaching parts in which the Course shall be divided (see Human Anatomy IV Syllabus).

ii. Each part-examination shall be taken and evaluated separately, yet all part-examinations will run one after the other in one countinuous session.

iii. Each of the four part-examinations shall be made up by an MCQ test added with an image/oral/written test of practical doings.

iv. For any part-examination here, the MCQ test shall score up to 50 points out of total 100 possible points and the image/oral/written exam shall score up to the remaining 50 points.

v. To pass each of the four part-examinations here, it shall be required to score at least 80% of the total 100 possible points at stake.

vi. In the event that all part-examinations had been passed here, the Closing Grade shall be computed by averaging the grades achieved at the part-evaluations.

vii. Failing one part-examination or more here shall mean failing the entire Ordinary Exam Call.

viii. Notwithstanding what is said immediately above in Point vii, scores of the part-examinations passed here shall be kept on record until the Extraordinary Call Evaluation.

ix. To decline the Ordinary Call will suffice not sit at the Exam. The Closing Grade shall be scored then as 'Not Taken' and the number of spent Calls shall not run.

In order to be admitted into the lab, each student must bring in a long and white lab coat, a kit of dissecting instruments, a pair of rubber gloves appropriate for dissection and a lab notebook.

Basic bibliography

I. Textbooks and Atlases



GROSS ANATOMY OF THE HEAD, NECK, SENSE ORGANS AND CNS

- Gray's Anatomy for Students (3rd. Edition). R Drake (Editor) et al. Churchill-Livingstone/Elsevier, 2015. (With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access.)

- Color Atlas of Anatomy. A Photographic Study of the Human Body (7th Edition). JW Rohen, C Yokochi, E Lütchen-Drecoll. Schattauer GmbH, 2011.

- Escolar: Reconstrucciones Humanas por planos de disección (5ª Edition), José María Smith Agreda. Panamericana, 2010.



NEUROANATOMY

- Foundations of Functional Neuroanatomy, DE Haines (Editor) et al. Elsevier, 2016. (With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access.)

- Felten / Netter's Atlas of Neuroscience (2nd Ed), DL Felten (Editor) et al. Elsevier, 2016. (With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access).

- Escolar: Reconstrucciones Humanas por planos de disección (5ª Edition), José María Smith Agreda. Panamericana, 2010.

In-depth bibliography

II. More Texbooks and Atlases

GROSS ANATOMY OF THE HEAD, NECK, SENSE ORGANS AND CNS
- Netter Atlas of Human Anatomy, (6th Edition) FH Netter. Elsevier, 2014. (With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access.)
- Terminologia Anatomica Internacional, FCAT, IFAA, SAE Committees. Thieme Verlag, 1998. (Bilingual, Latin and English). Panamericana, 2001 (Trilingual, Latin, English and Spanish).
- Terminologia Histologica: International Terms for Human Cytology and Histology, Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FICAT). Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2008). Bilingual: Latin and English.
Print edition available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Terminologia-Histologica-International-Cytology-Histology/dp/0781766109
Internet free site: https://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/ViewSource.html
- Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy: Founded by Heinz Feneis. W. Daube. Thieme, 2007.
- Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System (7th Edition), W. Platzer. Thieme, 2015.
- Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 2: Internal Organs (6th Edition). H Fritsch, W Kuehnel. Thieme, 2014.
- Gray Clinical Neuronatomy. EL Mancal, DG Brock. Elsevier, 2011. (With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access.)
- Human Embryology (3rd Edition), Williams J. Larsen. Elsevier. (With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access.)

NEUROANATOMY
- Neuroanatomy: Atlas of Structures, Sections and Systems (8th Edition), DE Heines, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011.
- Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3: Nervous System & Sensory Organs (7th Edition), W Kahle, M Frotscher. Thieme, 2015.
- Neuroanatomía Humana. JA Garcia-Porrero, JM Hurlé. Panamericana, 2015.
- Neuroanatomía. L Puelles-López, S Martínez-Pérez, M Martínez de la Torre. Panamericana, 2008.
- Neuroanatomía Humana. JM Ojeda Sahagún, JM Icardo de la Escalera. Masson, 2013.
- Principles of Neural Science (5th Edition), ER Kandel, SA Siegelbaum and AJ Hudspeth. McGraw-Hill Medical, 2012.

Journals

- Journal of Anatomy
- Annals of Anatomy
- European Journal of Anatomy
- Clinical Anatomy
- Acta Anatomica
- The Anatomical Record
- The New Anatomist
- Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy
- Anatomical Science Education
- Nature Neuroscience Reviews
- Nature
- Science
- Journal of Comparative Anatomy
- Journal of Neuroscience
- European Journal of Neuroscience
- Brain Research
- And many others, print and online.