Understand and correctly apply the meaning of data relating to the chemical composition, mineralogy, texture and structure of metamorphic rocks in order to correctly establish the physical (P-T) and chemical (X) conditions of formation and their evolution in space and time.



OBJECTIVES

To know the main types of metamorphic rocks and be able to develop from their petrological study hypotheses about the processes and contexts in which they originated (petrogenesis).



SPECIFIC SKILLS:

M03GM3.3: Knowledge igneous and metamorphic rocks, their characteristics and their geodynamic environment of formation.

M03GM3.4: Identify the main igneous and metamorphic rocks in hand sample and using petrographic microscopy.

M03GM3.6: Observe in the field the most common geological structures and endogenous rocks and produce a field notebook.



TRANSVERSAL SKILLS:

G003: Ability to search for and manage information.

G004: Ability to apply knowledge in practice.

G005: Autonomous and creative learning and work.

G007: Ability to organise, plan and manage time.

G008: Determination, perseverance and responsibility in the tasks entrusted.

G009: Oral and written communication in native and scientific languages.

G010: Motivation for quality and a job well done.



GENERAL SKILLS OF THE DEGREE:

G011: Know and use of theories, paradigms, concepts and principles of geology.

G012: Correct use of terminology, nomenclature, conventions and units in geology.

G013: Acquire a spatial and temporal vision of geological processes and their effects (minerals, rocks, fossils, structures, reliefs, etc.) on the planet Earth.

G015: Carry out field and laboratory work in a responsible and safe manner.

G016: Produce subsurface models from surface and geophysical data.

G017: Obtain, process, analyse and interpret field and laboratory data and observations using appropriate techniques and instruments, and document the results appropriately in written reports or field notebooks.

G020: Know how to apply geological knowledge to explore, evaluate, extract and manage natural resources in accordance with social demand and in a sustainable manner.

G022: Achieve field experience in a variety of geological settings in terms of rocks, structures, landscapes and other natural features.

THEORETICAL CONTENTS:

- Review of fundamental concepts. Limits of metamorphism (diagenesis to partial melting), metamorphic agents and changes (temperature, pressure, deviatory stresses, fluids, chemical composition, space and time), types of metamorphism. Progressive nature of metamorphism. Compositional groups of metamorphic rocks.

- Structures and microstructures of metamorphic rocks. Main metamorphic textures and their relation to the type of metamorphism generating them. Development of metamorphic fabrics. Types of foliation and lineation. Deformation, blastesis and recrystallisation processes, and their mutual relationships.

- Classification and nomenclature of metamorphic rocks. Rock types associated with specific metamorphic contexts or protoliths. Modifying terms.

- Progressive nature of metamorphism, metamorphic gradients Index minerals, mineral zones and isograds. Metamorphic grade. Metamorphic facies: concept, historical evolution, representation in P-T space, classification and limitations of their use.

- Equilibrium in natural systems. Graphical representation of mineral paragenesis. Composition-paragenesis diagrams. ACF, A'KF, AFM, CAS and CMS diagrams. Choice of the appropriate diagram according to the lithology.

- Metamorphic reactions. Types of reactions: univariant and divariant, phase transformation, devolatilisation, solid-solid, ion exchange, etc. Representation of reactions in composition-paragenesis diagrams. Petrogenetic grids. Geobarometers, geothermometers and geochronometers.

- Progressive transformations in different lithologies and under different metamorphic gradients: metamorphism of pelitic, mafic, carbonate and ultramafic rocks. Tectonites.

- Metamorphism in open systems: metasomatism.

- Relationships between metamorphism and tectonic context. facies series, P-T-t trajectories and implications on the geodynamic environment.



LABORATORY PRACTICES:

Mineralogical and textural characteristics of metamorphic rocks of different composition (pelitic, basic, carbonate, etc.).



FIELD PRACTICES:

Structural and mineralogical aspects of different types of metamorphic rocks, mapping and interpretation.

The methodology used to achieve the proposed results is as follows:

- Theoretical classes (M): in the assigned classrooms and timetables.

- Practical classes (GL): They will be developed in two laboratories, one for Optical Microscopy (0.6) and the other for hand samples (0.3), with the teacher guide and in an autonomous way. Different types of metamorphic rocks will be studied in order to fill in a standardised petrographic form, which includes the petrographic description (mineralogy, textures, blastesis/deformation relations...) and classification.

- Field trip (GA): The field work consists of the study of different metamorphic areas, including the drawing of geological sections, description of the materials, taking representative photographs, etc., as well as the preparation of a report on the results.



Practical work is an important part of the course, so continuous attending is strongly recommended.

Article 8 of the Evaluation Regulations

Continuous evaluation will include activities during the training period and written test at the official established dates, including exams, practical activities and reports according to the percentage detailed below:

- Laboratory report and exercises: 25%.

- Field report: 15%.

- Final examination at the official date established:

- Test: 25%.

- Long questions: 25%.

- Laboratory practices: 10%.



In order to pass the course, a minimum of 40% of the possible points must be obtained in each of the activities listed above.



Withdrawal: according to article 12.2 of the Evaluation Regulations, in the case of continuous evaluation, as the weight of the final test is higher than 40% of the grade for the subject, if the student does not take part in the exam, the final mark would be “not presented”.



The protocol on academic ethics and prevention of dishonest or fraudulent practices in UPV/EHU assessment tests and academic work will be applied.

In addition to the work material (compass, magnifying glass and geologist's hammer, maps, aerial photos, etc.), students must bring their own Personal Protective Equipment.
This equipment shall consist, at least, of:
- Footwear and clothing suitable for walking in mountain areas.
- Reflective waistcoat.
- Protective glasses and gloves.
- Safety helmet in case of visits to quarries, caves, cliffs, mines, building sites, etc.

If they do NOT bring this material, they will NOT take part in the field practicals, with the academic consequences that may derive from this.

Basic bibliography

YARDLEY, B.W.D. & WARREN, C. (2021) An introduction to metamorphic petrology. Cambridge University Press, ISBN: 9781108456487

SANDERS, I. (2018) Introducing Metamorphism. Dunedin Academic Press, 157 pp. ISBN: 9781780460642

WINTER, J.D. (2014): Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology: Pearson New International Edition (2nd edition). 738 pp. ISBN: 9781292021539

CASTRO DORADO A. (1989) Petrografía de rocas ígneas y metamórficas. Paraninfo, 280 pp. ISBN: 9788428316569 YARDLEY, B.W.D., McKENCYE W.S. & GUILFORD C. (1980) Atlas of metamorphic rocks and their textures. Longman, 120 pp. ISBN: 9780582301665

In-depth bibliography

BARD, J.P. (1985) Microtexturas de rocas magmáticas y metamórficas. Masson,177 pp. ISBN: 9788431103675 BEST, M.G. (2002) Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Wiley, 752 pp. ISBN: 9781405105880
BLATT, H; TRACY, R; OWENS, B. (2006) Petrology. Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic. W.H. Freeman, 530 pp. BUCHER, K. & GRAPES, R. (2011) Petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks. Springer-Verlag, 8th ed. complete rev. of Winkler's textbook, 428 pp. ISBN: 9780716737438
CASTRO DORADO A. (2015) Petrografía de rocas ígneas y metamórficas. Paraninfo, 280 pp. ISBN: 9788428335164 MASON, ROGER (1990) Petrology of the metamorphic rocks. Unwin Hyman, 2nd ed. 230 pp. ISBN: 9780045520282 PASSCHIER, C.W. TROUW, R.A.J. (2005): Microtectonics. 2nd Ed. Springer Verlag, 371 pp. ISBN 9783540293590 VERNON R, CLARKE GL (2008) Principles of Metamorphic Petrology. Cambridge University Press, 460 pp. ISBN: 978052187178
WINTER, J.D. (2009): Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic petrology (2nd Edition): Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 766 pp. ISBN: 9780321592576
WINTER, J.D. (2001) An introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic petrology. Prentice Hall, 699 pp. ISBN 9780132403429
YARDLEY, B.W.D.(1989) An introduction to metamorphic petrology. Longman, 248 pp. ISBN: 9780582300965