Fluid Mechanics is a key subject of the Second grade in Industrial Engineering in the University College of Engineering at Vitoria-Gasteiz with 6 ECTS credits.



Fluid Mechanics deals with the study of all fluids under static and dynamic situations. Fluid Mechanics is a branch of continuous mechanics which deals with a relationship between forces, motions, and statical conditions in a continuous material. This study area deals with many and diversified problems such as surface tension, Fluid Statics, flow in enclose bodies, or flow round bodies (solid or otherwise), flow stability, etc.



Fluid mechanics is widely used both in everyday activities and in the design of modern engineering systems from vacuum cleaners to supersonic aircraft. Therefore, it is important to develop a good understanding of the basic principles of Fluid Mechanics.



An ordinary house is, in some respects, an exhibition hall filled with applications of Fluid Mechanics. The piping systems for cold water, natural gas, and sewage for an individual house and the entire city are designed primarily on the basis of Fluid Mechanics. The same is also true for the piping and ducting network of heating and air-conditioning systems. A refrigerator involves tubes through which the refrigerant flows, a compressor that pressurizes the refrigerant, and two heat exchangers where the refrigerant absorbs and rejects heat. Fluid mechanics plays a major role in the design of all these components.



All components associated with the transportation of the fuel from the fuel tank to the cylinders, the fuel line, fuel pump, fuel injectors, or carburetors as well as the mixing of the fuel and the air in the cylinders and the purging of combustion gases in exhaust pipes are analyzed using fluid mechanics. Fluid mechanics is also used in the design of the heating and air-conditioning system, the hydraulic brakes, the power steering, automatic transmission, and lubrication systems, the cooling system of the engine block including the radiator and the water pump, and even the tires.



On a broader scale, fluid mechanics plays a major part in the design and analysis of aircraft, boats, submarines, rockets, jet engines, wind turbines, biomedical devices, the cooling of electronic components, and the transportation of water, crude oil, and natural gas. It is also considered in the design of buildings, bridges, and even billboards to make sure that the structures can withstand wind loading. Numerous natural phenomena such as the rain cycle, weather patterns, the rise of ground water to the top of trees, winds, ocean waves, and currents in large water bodies are also governed by the principles of Fluid Mechanics.



The students of the Grade in Industrial Chemical Engineering will apply the knowledge of this subject to others of third year, such as Physical Chemistry, Control of Chemical Processes and Experimentation in Chemical Engineering I. The students of the Grade in Engineering in Automotive, will later apply the knowledge acquired in the subject of Aerodynamics, third year.

The following course skills are developed:



- Knowledge of basic and technological subjects that enables students to learn new methods and theories, providing them with versatility to adapt to new situations),

- Capacity to solve problems using initiative, decision making, creativity, critical thinking, and to communicate and convey knowledge, abilities and skills in the field of Industrial Engineering, and the cross-curricular competencies



- Adopt a responsible and organised attitude towards work and a willingness to learn taking into account the challenge of the necessary continuous training,



- Apply scientific method strategies: analyse qualitatively and quantitatively the problem situation, propose hypotheses and solutions using industrial engineering models, speciality mechanics, and



- Work efficiently in a group, integrating skills and knowledge to make decisions in the field of industrial engineering.

The competencies and key knowledge that this course programme offers can be used in the following subjects of the grade in Industrial Engineering:

- Hydraulic machinery

- Hydraulic installations

- Pneumatic and hydraulic systems

In order to get the background knowledge, abilities and skills, the course content is divided into five blocks of learning units: Hydrostatics, Kinematics and Dynamics, Dimensional analysis, similitude and viscous flows, Flow Hydraulic machinery and Installations in pipes and open channels



Theoretical content (chapters):



1. Fluid Mechanics. Basic concepts.

2. Fuid Properties. Basic definitions.

3. General laws of the Fluid Statics.

4. Pneumatics and hydraulics. Basic concepts.

5. Pneumatic and hydraulic circuits.

6. Statics of incompressible fluids in the gravitational field. Hydrostatics.

7. Fluid forces on surfaces.

8. Fluid forces on submerged and floating bodies.

9. Fundamentals of Fluid Kinematics.

10. Mass conservation theorem. The continuity equation.

11. Fundamental equation of Fluid Dynamics.

12. Bernoulli equation.

13. Applications of the Bernoulli equation. Flow meters.

14. Momentum equation. Angular momentum equation.

15. Applications of the momentum equation.

16. Dimensional analysis and dynamical similitude.

17. Viscous flows.

18. Head losses in pipes.

19. Steady flow in conduits and pipes. Multipath pipelines problems.

20. Varying flow in pipes.

21. Steady flow in open channels.

22. Hydraulic machinery. Fundamentals. Turbo machinery.

23. Hydraulic turbines. Hydro electrical stations/plants.

24. Hydraulic pumps.

25. Pumping installations/stations.



Practical content:



The students will perform 17 or 18 laboratory experiments.



1. Measurement of viscosity of a fluid

2. Rigid-body rotation of fluids

3. Fluid forces on surfaces

4. Verification of Bernoulli equation

5. Discharge in tanks

6. Study of Flow meters

7. Use of Weirs

8. Forces exerted by fluid jets

9. Study of primary (friction) head losses in pipes.

10. Study of secondary (minor) head losses in pipes.

11. Determination of cavitation in pipes.

12. Analysis of Pelton turbines

13. Analysis of centrifugal pumps

14. Centrifugal fan.

15. Time to empty a tank containing a liquid.

16. Water hammer

17. Wind tunnel

18. Pneumatics and hydraulic systems





Required materials (background, instructions, and lab report template) are posted on the course. Students will be assigned into groups/teams formed by three students, to perform the experiments. Group lab reports will be submitted after finish the lab.



Attendance to the laboratory sessions is compulsory.

The course is geared towards self-learning and uses participatory approaches as much as possible. A cooperative learning (AC, Aprendizaje cooperativo) methodology will be used, including lecture/presentation, group work , demonstrations, case studies, problem solving practical sessions (hands-on practice), small and large group exercises and role plays. The attendees roles and responsibilities will be change in the group/team.



The course objectives are:



- To introduce definitions, concepts, properties, principles, laws, observations and models of ideal and real fluids at rest and in motion.



- To provide basis for understanding fluid behavior at rest and in motion (laminar, turbulent) and for engineering design and control of fluid systems.



- To develop competence with mass, energy and momentum balances for determining resultant interactions of flows and engineered and natural systems.



- To develop basis for correlating experimental data, designing tests, and using scale models of fluid flows.



- To learn nature of rotation, circulation, resistance (viscous, turbulent), boundary layers and separation with applications to drag and lift on objects



- To learn methods for computing head losses (friction and fitting losses) and flows in simple pipes and channels.



- To learn the fundamentals of pumps and hydraulic turbines and the way they operate.



- To identify and understand how the key elements work: compressor, cooler, separator, actuators, valves and accessories involved in pneumatic and hydraulic facilities.



- To solve engineering problems associated with pneumatic and hydraulic installations, designing a series of practical circuits.



- To contribute primarily to the students' knowledge of college-level mathematics and/or basic sciences and provide experimental experience.



The student will be able:



- To interpret, define and solve practical problems related with the nature of different types of fluids and their interactions on engineered and natural systems in order to develop technical projects.



- To identify, interpret and explain the terminology, the structural characteristics, key parts, operation and application fields of pumps and hydraulic turbines and manage that knowledge to choose the suitable machine for every installation, according to technical criteria.



- To prepare, present, defend, orally and in writing, and make reports on the subject working individually or in groups.



- To analyze, interpret and synthesize a Technical Project related to Fluid Mechanics.



The laboratory experiments, team project and homework assignments will be performed in groups in cooperative work.



A team project titled “Design and calculation of a pumping installation” will be performed in groups. The student group will have to identify and set all the parameters involved in the project according to the instructions provided by the teachers.



The student groups will co evaluate the work made by the rest of the groups as for instance the team project.



The following individual or group assignments will be made along the course:



- Initial opinion survey on the subject

- Group/team meeting minutes

- 5/6 homework assignments

- Individual pop quizzes

- A mid-term exam

- Project Design sheet (planning sheet)

- First part of the Project Report

- Final Project Report

- Public presentation of the project



An evaluation will be expected at the end of the semester for students to give feedback on the course, and to outline what they have learned based on:



- Evaluation sheet

- Final Opinion survey

• Final Assessment System
• Tools and qualification percentages:
  • Written test to be taken (%): 30
  • Realization of Practical Work (exercises, cases or problems) (%): 30
  • Team projects (problem solving, project design)) (%): 30
  • Exhibition of works, readings ... (%): 10

The course's assessment will be continuous, based on two mid-term examinations, weekly homework assignments, pop quizzes, and the realization of a laboratory report and a technical project based on the design of a pumping system.



Homework assignments: 20 % Team work

Mid term exam: 30 % Chapters: 1-17.

Laboratory Report: 15 % Team work

Technical Project: 35 % Team work



More specifically explained:



20%. Submission and assessment of homework assignments (deliverables or tasks assigned for the different topics). When students submit less than 80% of homework assignments, they will receive the grade Not submitted. The quality of the group assignment will also be taken into account.



30%. Students will take a mid term exam prior to carrying out the project.



15%. Report on laboratory practice, carried out in groups/teams. Completion of lab practice and corresponding report is compulsory in order to pass the subject. The quality of team work will also be taken into account.



35%. Completion of a Team Technical Project. The project evaluation will be function of the oral project presentation (presentation depending on the number of students enrolled in the academic course), the quality of the team work performed, as well as the individual evaluation tests and/or groups that are held during the last 5 weeks of the course.



- To pass the course, students are required to pass the two mid term exams.

- Students failing the mid-term exams will have the choice to pass a retake exam in May.

- Only the students fulfilling the requirements of the Official College Regulations (Article 43.1, Section c) will have the right to take a final ordinary exam.



- The students not attending to class or laboratory sessions or project classes or submitting less than 80% of the homework assignments will be Not Evaluated.



- There will be a final ordinary exam at the end of the course semester (in May) for those students who failed to pass the course by the previously explained evaluation method.



SOME REMARKS:



- Final exam in June's call: for the student who does not pass the subject by continuous assessment. 100% of the mark.



For students to justify the impossibility of continuous evaluation in the direction of the School:



- Final exam (call for May and June). 100% of the mark.



Article 43 of the Management Regulations for the teaching of undergraduate and first and second cycle, provides the proper reasons for non-participation in the continuous assessment (work reasons, victims of domestic violence, birth, adoption, foster care or daughters and children under three years in charge, care of dependent family member, students with disabilities equal to or greater than 33%, high-level athlete, artistic / cultural activities that involve travel or dedication, compatibility with other higher education, compatibility with political office , union, student representation, associations,

NGOs, or other).



Once the student has taken part in a partial continuous assessment tests, it is assumed that you are following the continuous evaluation and get a final score calculated by weighting all tests. ONLY if they are not present at any of the tests, you get a rating of "not presented".



Students not performing the Laboratory experiments or the Project will receive the mark of NOT PRESENTED in the corresponding call.



Students who fail to pass the course according to the previously explained system of continuous evaluation will have the choice to take a final exam in the corresponding ordinary and extraordinary calls (June, July).



The students who decide not to follow the course according to the previously explained system of continuous evaluation will notify the waiver (renunciation) of continuous assessment to the teacher, and they will have the choice to take a final exam in the regular examination calls where all competencies and learning outcomes identified will be evaluated.



The waiver or renunciation of continuous evaluation may be applied during the teaching period of the subject. In any case, students which are not able to attend class on a regular basis because they are working or complying with the requirements of the management regulations for the first and second cycle courses, are asked to contact the teaching staff for an adapted program of development of competences and learning objectives of the subject.



Students who do not participate in the exams and/or in the project and/or in the laboratory practices, will receive the qualification of Not Presented in the corresponding call.



The final exam will be the same for all the groups.

- The student failing the course will also have the choice to take a final extraordinary exam in June based on all the contents and problems studied all along the course.

Most part of the folllwong teaching material will be available on E-gela:

Teacher resource notes
Tables and diagrams
Laboratory manual
PowerPoint presentations (slides)
Solved exams
Problem statements and solutions
Student guide, course project guide
Appendices (minutes, forms, sheets)
Homework assignments

Basic bibliography

Most part of the bibliography listed for the subject and more can be found on the signature 532 in the Biblioteca de las Nieves library.



Fluid Mechanics. Fundamentals and Applications. Cengel, Y.A, J.M. Cimbala. 2nd Edition in SI units. Mc Graw Hill. 2009. Signature: 532CEN (Sala Font Quer).



Fluid Mechanics. F.M. White. 7th Edition. Mc Graw Hill, 2011. ISBN: 978-007-131121-2.



Mecánica de Fluidos Incompresibles y Turbomáquinas Hidráulicas. Agüera Soriano, José. 5ª Edición. Edit. Ciencia. 2002.



Mecánica de los Fluidos, V.L. Streeter, E.B. Wylie. 9th Edition Mc Graw Hill, 2000. ISBN: 958-600-987-4.



Introducción a la Mecánica de Fluidos. Fox, R.W. McDonald, A.T. 4ª Edition McGraw-Hill. 1995.



Fundamentos de Mecánica de Fluidos. Gerhart, P.M, Gross,R.J. y Hochstein, J.I., 2ª Edición. Ed. Addison-Wesley Iberoamericana S.A. 1995.



Fox, R.W. McDonald, A.T. Introducción a la Mecánica de Fluidos. 4ª Ed. McGraw-Hill. 1995.



Gerhart, P.M, Gross,R.J. y Hochstein, J.I. Fundamentos de Mecánica de Fluidos, 2ª edición. Ed. Addison-Wesley Iberoamericana S.A. 1995.

In-depth bibliography

Introductory Fluid Mechanics. J. Katz. Cambridge University Press. 2010. ISBN: 978-0-521-19245-3.

Mechanics of Fluids. Potter, M., D. Wiggert. 3rd Edition. Thomson, 2002. ISBN: 970-686-205-6.

Applied Fluid Mechanics. R.L. Mott. 6th Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006. ISBN: 0-13-197643-5.

Mecánica de Fluidos. Shames, Irving H. Mc Graw-Hill. 1995.

Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications. Finnemore, E.J. y Franzini, J.B. 2002.

Engineering Fluid Mechanics. Crowe, Elger, Williams and Roberson. 9th Edition. Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010. ISBN: 978-0-470-40943-5.

Journals

- Computers and Fluids
- El instalador
- Environmental Fluid Mechanics
- European Journal of Mechanics. Series B. Fluids
- Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science
- Experiments in Fluids
- Flow Measurement and Instrumentation
- Fluid Dynamics Research
- Fluidos
- Geophysical and Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics
- Ingeniería Del Agua
- International Journal of Multiphase Flow
- International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow
- International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics.
- Journal of Fluids Engineering
- Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
- Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics
- Montajes e instalaciones
- Physicochemical Hydrodynamics
- Physical review A. Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics
- Physical review E. Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics
- Physics of fluids
- Physics of fluids A. Fluid Dynamics
- Tecnología del agua

Web addresses

- Hydraulic Institute. www.pumps.org
- Pump-Flo Co. www.pump-flo.com/manulist.asp
- Animated software company, www.animatedsoftware.com
- Pumps and systems magazine: www.pump-zone.com.
- http://www.sc.ehu.es/sbweb/fisica/fluidos/estatica/introduccion/Introduccion.htm.
- National Committee for Fluid Mechanics Films (NCFMF) http://web.mit.edu/fluids/www/ Shapiro/ncfmf.html
- IIHR- Hydroscience & Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Iowa. http://www.iihr.uiowa.edu/:
- Enciclopedia básica sobre fluidos: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/ hbase/ fluid.html#flucon
- Principios de aeronáutica: http://wings.avkids.com/Libro/advanced.html
- Simulación de redes de distribución de fluidos: http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/wswrd/dw/epanet.html
- UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education: http://www.unesco-ihe.org/
- Manual de vuelo: http://www.inicia.es/de/vuelo/