CONTEXTUALISATION OF THE SUBJECT

Electrical Technology, in general terms, is a technical discipline that studies the applications of electricity.



The disciplinary field comprises the study of electric and electromagnetic phenomena from the perspective of the practical use of electricity, which includes three main areas of knowledge and experience:

1- Scientific concepts and laws that explain the functionality and behaviour of different apparatus, receptors and electric machines, with regard to the physical phenomena that take place within them.

2- Laws, theorems, principles and analysis techniques, calculus and prediction of behaviour of electric and electronic circuits.

3- Elements used to mount and construct circuits, apparatus and electric machines: representation, disposition, normalisation, connections and characteristics.



Due to the fact that electric applicances are used abundantly across the domestic, service and industrial sectors, the contents must cover a rigorous list of concepts and procedures which are the root of the 'thinking and acting' of any electrical technician, whatever the field of work: production, transport, transformation, consumption (heating, cooling, lighting, traction-force), automation, information treatment and electrical installations.



The comprehension and correct solving of the problems in Electrical Technology Fundamentals will allow the student to face more complex problems within Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering and related subjects.



That is why this subject can be considered a functional tool to obtain some of the basic competencies assessed in this Engineering Degree.



PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE:



The list order shown bears no relation to order of teaching or knowledge acquisition, but rather should be understood as the list of knowledge the student is expected to have obtained upon passing the corresponding subjects.



Mathematics:

1- Temporal sinusoidal functions.

a) Maximum value, period, frequency.

b) Same time origin for all functions. Transforming sine to cosine and vice versa.

c) Advance and delay between functions.

2- Derivation and integration

3- Operation with complex numbers.

4- Matrix calculus. Cramer. Solving linear equations with real and complex coefficients.

Physics:

1- Energy conservation principle.

2- Electric Charge. Electric field. Coulomb's Law. Dielectric materials. Capacity.

3- Electric current. Voltage. Potential difference. Power and energy according to electric variables.

4- Magnetic field and flux.

5- Laplace's Law.

6- Lorentz's Law.

7- Faraday-Lenz's Law.

8- Magnetic materials. Magnetic Field Intensity.

9- Ampère's Law.

To know and understand the principles of electric circuits and machine theory in order to use them during the analysis and solving of electrical circuits.



To use the strategies of scientific methodology during the resolution of problems related to the electric circuits and machines: qualitative analysis, setting out hypotheses, obtaining solutions, and analysis of results using theorems and fundamental techniques from electrical circuits and machine theory.



To accurately express the basic principles and procedures of electric circuits and machines and the results and conclusions obtained, using electrotechnical language (written, mathematical and graphical).



To work effectively as part of a team during lab sessions, demonstrating social skills and knowledge of how to mount simple electrical sets.

1st Term

Topic 1: Ideal components in circuit theory. Kirchhoff's Laws.

Resistance. Inductance. Capacity. Short-circuit and open circuit. Ideal & real components. Definitions. Kirchhoff's Laws. Energy conservation principle.



Topic 2: Direct current in steady state

Direct current. Behavior of ideal elements under direct current and steady state. Element associations: resistances, voltage sources and current sources. Voltage division. Current division.



Topic 3: Network theorems and practical techniques for circuit analysis

Linearity and superposition. Real sources. Equivalence and transformation of sources. Mesh analysis. Nodal analysis. Millman's theorem. Thévenin's theorem. Norton's theorem. Maximum power transfer theorem.



Topic 4: Single-phase alternating current

Single-phase alternating voltage and current. Phasor concept. Resistance, reactance and impedance in alternating current. Impedance association. Generalisation of network theorems.



Topic 5: Power in one-phase systems

Power expressions. Mean power in circuit elements: resistance, coil and capacitor. Maximum power transfer theorem. Active, reactive, apparent and complex power. Power factor. Power factor improvement.



Topic 6: Three-phase alternating current

Generation. Star connection of generators. Delta connection of generators. Three-phase charge. Kennelly's theorem or star-delta transformation. Balanced three-phase system. Power.



Topic 7: Introduction to Electric Power Systems. Electrical calculus applied to Electric Lines.

Importance and interest of electric energy. General description of an electric power system. Low Voltage Electrotechnical Regulation (REBT). Section definition for LV line conductors in AC according to REBT.



Topic 8: Electric protection in Low Voltage installations

Hazards related to electric current. Safety in case of electric risk. The 5 golden rules. Neutral and ground connection systems. Protection devices I: description. Protection devices II: protection, overloads; short-circuits; selectivity; Line to ground fault current and leakage current.



Lab sessions:

Session 0: Preventing electrical risk. Description and use of the lab desk.



Session 1: Basic measuring in direct current steady state.

Topics 1-3: Resistances, multimeter as voltmeter, electric source, board, Ohm's Law, Kirchhoff's Laws, behavior of R, L and C elements under steady state DC.



Session 2: Verifying the properties of linear circuits.

Topics 1-3: Homogeneity principle, superposition principle. Equivalent Thévenin and Norton circuits. Maximum power transfer theorem.



Session 3: Alternating current single-phase circuit analysis.

Topic 4: Oscilloscope, resistive circuit, RL circuit, RC circuit.



Session 4: Power in single-phase AC systems.

Topic 5: Power triangle. Improving the power factor. Electric quality analyzer (FLUKE)



Session 5: Alternating current three-phase circuits analysis.

Topic 6: Three-phase charge: Y, Delta. Multimeter. Electric quality analyzer (FLUKE).



Session 6: Electric protections.

Topics 7 and 8: Visit to the electric installation at the Faculty of Engineering in Gipuzkoa.



2nd Term



Topic 9: Magnetic circuits.

Magnetic performance of materials. Definition and types of magnetic circuits. Hopkinson's Law. Analogies and differences between electrical and magnetic circuits. Behaviour of electrical circuits according to type of excitation. Resolution of magnetic circuits. Leakage flux. Real inductor: equivalent circuit.



Topic 10: Transformer.

Introduction. The ideal Transformer. Nominal characteristics of the transformer. Real transformer. Internal voltage drop of a transformer. Voltage regulation. Short-circuit current. Relative short-circuit voltage. Transformer performance. Three-phase transformers. Metering transformers.



Topic 11: Induction machine.

Introduction. Construction considerations. Operating principle. Equivalent circuits. Losses and power-flow diagram. Rotation torque. Start-up of asynchronous motors.



Topic 12: DC machine.

Introduction. Construction considerations. Operating principle and excitation modes. Armature reaction. Direct current generators. Service characteristics.

The subject is taught by means of teachers' explanations, both in lectures and practical classroom work sessions. The sessions will follow the order of contents mentioned in this document and the reading list. Teachers will be available to provide clarifications via tutorial sessions according to the timetable published on the centre's official website.



The programmed topics will be explained and developed via lectures. There will be theory descriptions with activities aimed to foster participation, discussion and critical analysis by students.



Exercises related to the topic at hand will be presented in practical class sessions. The students will be required to solve the given problems, either in teams or individually.



During lab sessions, students will perform the required activities and will have to submit the corresponding assessment of the activity using suitable operations and criteria.



The students will study in an autonomous way in order to assimilate and retain the concepts and solve the proposed exercises.



On eGela, the virtual platform for teaching, students will have access to the materials, calendar, references, exercises and lab session guides.

• Continuous Assessment System
• Final Assessment System
• Tools and qualification percentages:
  • Written test to be taken (%): 60
  • Realization of Practical Work (exercises, cases or problems) (%): 20
  • Short exams: (%): 20

A calculator may be used for tests and examinations. Likewise, in the exams and short exams, to solve the problems in topics 7 and 8, students will be able to use the following documentation (which will be available on the eGela platform):

- Complementary Technical Instructions 6, 7 and 19 the Low Voltage Electrotechnical Regulations.

- Maximum admissible electrical currents in indoor installations.

- Document on cable designation.



DECIDING THE ASSESSMENT SYSTEM:

By default, the continuous assessment system (A) will be used. Any student who wishes to use the right to be assessed by a final assessment system (B) must submit a written document to the teacher responsible for the subject, formally declining the continuous assessment system (to be registered by the centre). To do so, the student will have a deadline of 18 weeks since the beginning of the academic year (according to chap. II, art. 8 of the assessment rules document). Registering this document implies the loss of any score obtained previously in the continuous assessment system: for instance, those for lab sessions and short exams.



A) CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT SYSTEM



A.1) The weighting of each assessment tool for the final score is as follows:

-Extended written exams: 60%

-1st Term: 33.3%

-2nd Term: 26.7%

-Laboratory: 20% (1st term)

-Short exams (questions, problems, etc.): 20%

-1st Term: 13.3%

-2nd Term: 6.7%



A.2) Declining to sit: not attending the extended written exam during the ordinary exam period will imply declining to sit said exam. In this case, the grade will be “Non Attendance”.



A.3) Description of assessment tools:

- Extended written exams: They will ask for theory and exercises. They will be held on the exam date announced.

- January: extended exam on topics of the 1st term.

- May: extended exam on topics of the 1st and/or 2nd term.

- Laboratory: at the end of each lab session an individual assessment will be made.

- Short exams: during the academic year, short exams will be held (outside of the class timetable). Dates will be announced in advance.



A.4) Conditions to pass the course and to automatically pass exam topics:

*Students who pass all short exams in a term, obtaining an average mark of 6 out of 10 or more (and a minimum of 5 out of 10 for each one), will not have to sit the extended written exam for that term. This applies to both the ordinary and the extraordinary exam period. In this case, the average mark obtained in the short exams will be taken as the mark for the corresponding extended written exam.

*For those sitting the extended exam, if the student obtains 4 or more out of 10, their final score will be calculated taking into account their results for short exams. This applies to both the ordinary and the extraordinary exam period.

*Students who fail to attend lab sessions or short exams will score 0 out of 10 in these assessment tools.

*The final grade will be obtained according to A.1) only when both grades of the extended written exams for the 1st and 2nd term are of 4 or more out of 10. Otherwise, the final grade will be 4 or less out of 10.

*To pass the course, the final grade must be of 5 or more out of 10.



B) FINAL ASSESSMENT SYSTEM



B.1) The weighting of each assessment tool for the final score is as follows:

-Extended written exams: 80%

-1st Term: 46.7%

-2nd Term: 33.3%

-Laboratory exam: 20%



B.2) Declining to sit: not attending the extended written exam during the ordinary exam period will imply declining to sit said exam. In this case the grade will be “Non Attendance”.



B.3) Description of assessment tools:

- Extended written exams: One for each term. It will ask for theory and exercises. It will be held on the date announced. The students who have selected the final assessment are not allowed to sit the January exam call related to the first term.

- Laboratory exam: practical laboratory skills assessment. It will be held on the ordinary exam date announced.



B.4) Conditions to pass the course and to automatically pass exam topics:

*Students using this assessment method may automatically pass parts of the subject from one sitting to another with the same requirements as students with continuous assessment.

*Students who fail to attend the lab exam will score 0 out of 10 in this assessment tool.

*The final grade will be obtained according to B.1) only when both grades of the extended written exams for the 1st and 2nd term are of 4 or more out of 10. Otherwise, the final grade will be 4 or less out of 10.

*To pass the course, the final grade must be of 5 or more out of 10.

A calculator may be used for tests and examinations. Likewise, in the exams and short exams, to solve the problems in topics 7 and 8, the students will be able to use the following documentation (which will be available on the eGela platform):

- Complementary Technical Instructions 6, 7 and 19 of the Low Voltage Electrotechnical Regulations.

- Maximum admissible electrical currents in indoor installations.

- Document on cable designation.



DECIDING THE ASSESSMENT SYSTEM:

The assessment system in the extraordinary exam period will be that decided by the student for the ordinary exam period.



A) CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT SYSTEM



A.1) The weighting of each assessment tool for the final score will be the most beneficial to the student from the following two options:



OPTION A.1a)

-Extended written exams: 60%:

-1st Term: 33.3%

-2nd Term: 26.7%

-Laboratory: 20%

-Short exams (questions, problems, etc.): 20%

-1st Term: 13.3%

-2nd Term: 6.7%



OPTION A.1b)

-Extended written exams: 80%:

-1st Term: 46.7%

-2nd Term: 33.3%

-Laboratory: 20%



A.2) Declining to sit: not attending the extended written exam in extraordinary exam call will imply declining to sit said exam. In this case, the grade will be "Non Attendance".



A.3) Description of assessment tools:

- Extended written exams: One for each term. They will ask for theory and exercises. They will be held on the extraordinary exam date announced.

- Laboratory: grade obtained in the ordinary exam period will be maintained. If the average laboratory sessions grade obtained by the student during the ordinary exam period is under 5.0, the student will have the opportunity to perform a laboratory practice exercise. The result of this exercise will be taken into account when calculating the final grade.

- Short exams: grade obtained in ordinary exam will be maintained.



A.4) Conditions to pass the course:

*The final grade will be obtained according to A.1) only when both grades of the extended written exams for the 1st and 2nd term are of 4 or more out of 10. Otherwise, the final grade will be 4 or less out of 10.

*To pass the course the final grade must be of 5 or more out of 10.



NOTE: Extended exam topics that are automatically passed during an academic year will not be maintained for following academic years.



B) FINAL ASSESSMENT SYSTEM



B.1) The weighting of each assessment tool for the final score is as follows:

-Extended written exams: 80%

-1st Term: 46.7%

-2nd Term: 33.3%

-Laboratory exam: 20%



B.2) Declining to sit: not attending the extended written exam in extraordinary exam call will imply declining to sit said exam. In this case, the grade will be "Non Attendance".



B.3) Description of assessment tools:

- Extended written exams: One for each term. They will ask for theory and exercises. They will be held on the extraordinary exam date announced.

- Laboratory exam: practical laboratory skills assessment. It will be held on the extraordinary exam date announced.



B.4) Conditions to pass the course:

*The final grade will be obtained according to B.1) only when both grades of the extended written exams for the 1st and 2nd term are of 4 or more out of 10. Otherwise, the final grade will be 4 or less out of 10.

*Students who fail to attend the lab exam will score 0 out of 10 in this assessment tool.

*To pass the course, the final grade must be of 5 or more out of 10.

ZUBIA I., MONASTERIO E., BANDRES L.M., ARRUTI P. Teoría de Circuitos. Servicio Editorial de la UPV/EHU. (Castellano)

ARRANBIDE I., ARRUTI P., AZURZA O., MOLINA J., MONASTERIO E., UGARTEMENDIA J., ZUBIA, I. Apuntes de teoría específicos para Fundamentos de Tecnología Eléctrica. ISSN 2255-2316. (Castellano)

ARRANBIDE I., ARRUTI P., AZURZA O., GARCIA P., MOLINA J., MONASTERIO E., OLANO A. Relación de problemas específicos propuestos para Fundamentos de Tecnología Eléctrica (Castellano, Euskara, English)

Reglamento Electrotécnico de Baja Tensión (REBT). (Castellano, Euskara, English)

eGela: Virtual platform for teaching in UPV/EHU. (Castellano, Euskara, English)

Institutional email: xxx@ikasle.ehu.eus (Castellano, Euskara, English)

Basic bibliography

Castellano:

GARCÍA TRASANCOS J. "Instalaciones Eléctricas en Media y Baja Tensión". Adaptado al nuevo RBT #BOE 224, de 18 de septiembre de 2002#. 6ª edición. Paraninfo. 2009. 422 p. ISBN 978-84-283-3190-6.



FRAILE MORA J. "Máquinas Eléctricas". 6ª edición. Madrid: McGraw-Hill Interamericana de España, S.A.U., 2008. 756 p.ISBN 978-84-481-6112-5.



FRAILE MORA J., FRAILE ARDANUY J. "Problemas de Máquinas Eléctricas". Madrid: McGraw-Hill Interamericana de España, S.A.U., 2005. 428 p. ISBN 84-481-4240-3.



V. PARRA et al., Teoría de Circuitos, editorial UNED, Madrid.



G. ROBLES, "Problemas resueltos de fundamentos de ingeniería eléctrica" Paraninfo, Madrid, 2015



J.R. CODGELL, "Fundamentos de Circuitos Eléctricos", Ed. Pentice-Hall, mexico,2000.



J. Mazón y otros "Guia de autoaprendizaje da máquinas eléctricas" Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008



N. MORENO y otros "Problemas Resueltos de Tecnología Eléctrica" Ed. Thomson Arg., Madrid, 2003.



Euskara:

Z.AGINAKO y otros "Zirkuituen Teoriako 100 Ariketa" Elhuyar, Usurbil, 2007



R. SANJURJO y otros "Zirkuitu elektrikoen teoria" Servicio de publicaciones de la UPV, Bilbao, 2005.



M.A. ZORROZUA y otros " Makina Elektrikoak" Servicio de publicaciones de la UPV, Zarautz, 2007.



J. EPELDE " Makina Elektrikoak" I y II, Ed. Elhuyar, Usurbil, 1997



J. Mazón y otros "Makina elektrikoak oinarrizko kontzeptuak eta aplikazioak " UPV/EHU 2012



English:

M. Wang, Understandable electric circuits, IET 2010, eISBN: 9781849191142



J. Bird, Electrical circuit Theory and Technology (2nd Edition). Newnes 2003, ISBN 0 7506 5784 7



Stephen J. Chapman, Electric Machinery Fundamentals (5th Edition). McGraw-Hill, 2012. ISBN 978-0-07-352954-7.



A. Hambley, Electrical Engineering: Principles & Applications, 6th Edition. Pearson 2014. ISBN 9780133116649

In-depth bibliography

Castellano:

DORF, R.C. "Circuitos Eléctricos: introducción al Análisis y diseño". Marcombo

EDMINISTER, J.A. "Teoría y problemas de circuitos eléctricos". McGraw-Hill

NILSSON, J. "Circuitos eléctricos". Addison-Wesley Iberoamericana

VAN VALKENBURG. "Análisis de redes." Limusa

REBT Edición Comentada y Textos Técnicos Complementarios de Asea Brown Boveri SA

GONZÁLEZ MARTÍN y otros, "Prácticas de Laboratorio de Máquinas Eléctricas". C.P. EUITI, Bilbao, 1984.

A. GOMEZ EXPOSITO, "Análisis y operación de sistemas de energía eléctrica", McGraw-Hill, 2002. ISBN 84-481-3592-X.

Euskara:
I. Albizu et al., Energia elektrikoaren sorkuntza, UPV/EHU 2014, ISBN 978-84-9860-905-9

A. Etxegarai, Teknologia elektrikoa, UPV/EHU 2012, ISBN 978-84-9860-671-3

K. Sagastibeitia et al., Zirkuituak. Laborategiko praktikak, UPV/EHU 2009, ISBN 978-84-692-5970-2

J. M. Sanchez Losada, Sare elektrikoen proiektuak, UPV/EHU 2007, ISBN 978-84-690-4991-4

English:
P.C. Sen, Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics (2nd Edition). John Wiley & Sons, 1997. ISBN 0-471-02295-0.

J. F. Gieras, Advancement in Electric Machines, Springer 2008, e-ISBN: 978-1-4020-9007-3

H. Kwanty and K. Miu-Miller, Power System Dynamics and Control, Springer 2010, e-ISBN 978-0-8176-4674-5

R. A. González Lezcano, Electrical installations in building design : solved exercises on electrical installations, Ediciones asimétricas, ISBN: 978-84-944743-4-7

Journals

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Web addresses

- University of the Basque Country: www.ehu.eus
- Faculty of Engineering, Gipuzkoa: www.ehu.eus/es/web/gipuzkoako-ingeniaritza-eskola
- Department of Electrical Engineering of the UPV/EHU: www.ehu.eus/es/web/ingenieria-electrica
- UNE Standards: www.aenor.es
- Official Association of Industrial Engineering Graduates, Industrial Technical Engineers and Industrial Experts of Gipuzkoa: www.cogitig.com
- IBERDROLA: www.iberdrola.es
- ENDESA: www.endesa.com
- ABB: global.abb
-Schneider Electric: www.se.com
- Ormazabal: www.ormazabal.com
- Red Eléctrica de España: www.ree.es
- INGETEAM: www.ingeteam.com/
- ZIV: www.zivautomation.com