Which kinds of conflicts emerged in the context of crises that involved collective action, whether by gender, ethnic, class, local and/or status groups, and either in the metropolises or colonies of these empires, as a response to the societal changes at large and the policies undertaken by imperial authorities? The research will study the revolts and riots in themselves, in connection with the discursive framing of demands, and the organization, rise of leadership, and deployment of emotions and narratives shaping new collective identities.